Photonic Sensing: Principles and Applications for Safety and Security Monitoring

325 Pages·2012·5.464 MB·English

by  Gaozhi Xiao, Wojtek J. Bock

Photonic Sensing

Photonic Sensing
Principles and Applications
for Safety and Security
Monitoring
Edited by
GAOZHI XIAO
WOJTEK J. BOCK
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
CoverPhotographs:courtesyofWojtekBock
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Xiao,Gaozhi.
Photonicsensing:principlesandapplicationsforsafetyandsecuritymonitoring/GaozhiXiao,
WojtekJ.Bock.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-62695-5(hardback)
1. Opticalfiberdetectors.2. Opticalfiberdetectors–Safetymeasures.3. Opticalfiber
detectors–Securitymeasures. I.Bock,WojtekJ.II.Title.
TA1815.X532012
681(cid:2).25–dc23
2011044215
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10987654321
Contents
Preface xi
Contributors xiii
1 SurfacePlasmonsforBiodetection 1
PavelAdam,MarekPiliarik,HanaSˇ´ıpova´,Toma´sˇSˇpringer,MilanVala,and
Jirˇ´ıHomola
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Principles of SPR Biosensors 2
1.2.1 Surface Plasmons 2
1.2.2 Excitation of Surface Plasmons 4
1.2.3 Sensors Based on Surface Plasmons 7
1.2.4 SPR Affinity Biosensors 8
1.2.5 Performance Characteristics of SPR Biosensors 9
1.3 Optical Platforms for SPR Sensors 12
1.3.1 Prism-Based SPR Sensors 12
1.3.2 SPR Sensors Based on Grating Couplers 20
1.3.3 SPR Sensors Based on Optical Waveguides 23
1.3.4 Commercial SPR Sensors 25
1.4 Functionalization Methods for SPR Biosensors 26
1.4.1 Functional Layers 27
1.4.2 Attachment of Receptors to Functional Surfaces 29
1.4.3 Molecular Recognition Elements 34
1.5 Applications of SPR Biosensors 35
1.5.1 Detection Formats 35
1.5.2 Medical Diagnostics 36
1.5.3 Environmental Monitoring 36
1.5.4 Food Quality and Safety 38
1.6 Summary 45
References 45
v
vi CONTENTS
2 Microchip-BasedFlowCytometryinPhotonicSensing:Principles
andApplicationsforSafetyandSecurityMonitoring 59
BenjaminR.Watts,ZhiyiZhang,andChang-QingXu
2.1 Introduction 59
2.2 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry 61
2.3 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry with Integrated Optics 66
2.4 Applications 73
2.5 Conclusion 81
References 83
3 OptofluidicTechniquesfortheManipulationofMicroParticles:
PrinciplesandApplicationstoBioanalyses 89
HongleiGuo,GaozhiXiao,andJianpingYao
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Optofluidic Techniques for the Manipulation of Particles 90
3.2.1 Fiber-Based Optofluidic Techniques 91
3.2.2 Near-Field Optofluidic Techniques 96
3.2.3 Optical Chromatography Techniques: Axial-Type and
Cross-Type 102
3.3 Enhancing Optical Manipulation with a Monolithically
Integrated on-Chip Structure 104
3.4 Applications 110
3.5 Conclusion 112
Acknowledgments 114
References 114
4 OpticalFiberSensorsandTheirApplicationsforExplosive
Detection 119
JianjunMaandWojtekJ.Bock
4.1 Introduction 119
4.2 A Brief Review of Existing Fiber-Optic-Based Explosive
Detectors 123
4.3 High Performance Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector Based on
the AFP Thin Film 129
4.3.1 Optimizing Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector
Architecture 129
4.3.2 Experimental Demonstration of Fluorescent
Quenching Detection and Discussion 130
4.3.3 Unique Advantage of the Optimized
Detector—Dramatically Increased Fluorescence
Collection through the End-Face-TIR Process 134
4.4 Generating High Quality Polymer Film—Pretreatment with
Adhesion Promoter 137
CONTENTS vii
4.5 Effect of Photodegradation on AFP Polymer 138
4.6 Optimizing Polymer Concentration for Optimized AFP-Film
Thickness 138
4.7 Explosive Vapor Preconcentration and Delivery 139
4.7.1 Adsorption/Desorption Zone 40 141
4.7.2 Equilibrium Zone 46 142
4.7.3 Chromatography Zone 52 142
4.7.4 Preconditioning Zone 60 142
4.7.5 Sensing Zone 42 142
4.8 Future Directions and Conclusions 143
References 144
5 PhotonicLiquidCrystalFiberSensorsforSafetyandSecurity
Monitoring 147
TomaszWolinski
5.1 Introduction 147
5.2 Materials and Experimental Setups 149
5.3 Principle of Operation 153
5.3.1 Mechanism of Propagation in a PLCF 153
5.3.2 LC Arrangement in PCF 154
5.4 Tuning Possibility 157
5.4.1 Thermal Tuning 157
5.4.2 Electrical Tuning 159
5.4.3 Pressure Tuning 162
5.4.4 Optical Tuning 164
5.4.5 Birefringence Tuning 166
5.5 Photonic Devices 172
5.5.1 Electrically Tuned Phase Shifter 173
5.5.2 Thermally/electrically Tuned Optical Filters 174
5.5.3 Electrically Controlled PLCF-based Polarizer 175
5.5.4 Thermally Tunable Attenuator 175
5.6 PhotonicLiquidCrystalFiberSensorsforSensingandSecurity 176
5.7 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgments 178
References 179
6 MiniaturizedFiberBraggGratingSensorSystemsforPotential
AirVehicleStructuralHealthMonitoringApplications 183
HongleiGuo,GaozhiXiao,NezihMrad,andJianpingYao
6.1 Introduction 183
6.2 Spectrum Fixed AWG-Based FBG Sensor System 186
viii CONTENTS
6.2.1 Operation Principle 186
6.2.2 Applications 188
6.3 Spectrum Tuning AWG-/EDG-Based FBG Sensor Systems 190
6.3.1 Principle of Spectrum Tuning AWG 191
6.3.2 Applications of Spectrum Tuning PLC 194
6.4 Dual Function EDG-Based Interrogation Unit 215
6.5 Conclusion 219
Acknowledgments 220
References 220
7 OpticalCoherenceTomographyforDocumentSecurity
andBiometrics 225
ShoudeChang,YouxinMao,andCostelFlueraru
7.1 Introduction 225
7.2 Principle of OCT 229
7.2.1 Coherence Gate 229
7.2.2 Time Domain and Fourier Domain OCT 230
7.2.3 Full-Field OCT (FF-OCT) 232
7.3 OCT Systems: Hardware and Software 233
7.3.1 OCT Systems and Components 233
7.3.2 Algorithms Used in OCT Signal/Image Processing 236
7.4 Sensing Through Volume: Applications 242
7.4.1 Security Data Storage and Retrieval 242
7.4.2 Internal Biometrics for Fingerprint Recognition 244
7.5 Summary and Conclusion 251
References 252
8 Photonics-AssistedInstantaneousFrequencyMeasurement 259
ShilongPanandJianpingYao
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 261
8.2.1 Optical Phased Array WDM 262
8.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 264
8.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 265
8.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 266
8.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 266
8.3.1 Chromatic-Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power
Penalty 267
8.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 273
8.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with
Complementary Frequency Responses 277
CONTENTS ix
8.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 280
8.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 284
8.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 287
8.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 287
8.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 287
8.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 289
8.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 290
8.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 291
8.6 Conclusion 292
References 292
Index 297
Preface
Twenty-first century society places high priority on health, environment, and
security; the threats of terrorism, climate change, and pollution are of increasing
concern for both governments and citizens. While many of these threats can
never be completely eliminated, their impact can be significantly mitigated by the
presence of effective early-detection and early-warning systems. To provide such
protectionrequiresflexible,cost-effectivesensing,andmonitoringsystemsinareas
such as structural integrity, environmental health, human security and health, and
industrial process control. Photonics (the use of light) has the potential to provide
highly effective solutions tailored to meet a broad range of specific sensing
requirements,particularly,asitcanleveragemanyofthetechnologyplatformsthat
were successfully developed for the communications industry. However, optimal
sensing solutions require the development of specialized materials, novel optical
devices, and new networking algorithms and platforms. As a sensor technology,
photonics offers low power requirements, high sensitivity and selectivity, and
immunity from electromagnetic interference. A single optical fiber can be used
both to detect disturbances at multiple locations and to transit the information to
a central point for data processing. Over the last two decades, we have seen the
rapid development of photonic sensing technologies and their application in fields
including food bacteria detection, oil/gas pipe structure health monitoring, bio
chips, explosives detection, defense platform health monitoring, etc.
This book comprises a series of chapters contributed by leading experts in the
fieldofphotonicsensing,withtargetapplicationstosafetyandsecurity.Theobjec-
tive is to provide a most comprehensive, though by no means complete, review
of this exciting field. This book aims for multidisciplinary readership. The editors
intend that the book serve as an invaluable reference that aids research and devel-
opmentofthoseareasthatconcern safetyandsecurity.Another aimofthebook is
to stimulate the interest of researchers from physics, chemistry, biology, medicine,
mechanics, electronics, defense and others, and foster collaboration through multi-
disciplinary programs.
xi