Table Of ContentPHOTONIC CRYSTALS –
INTRODUCTION,
APPLICATIONS
AND THEORY
Edited by Alessandro Massaro
Photonic Crystals – Introduction, Applications and Theory
Edited by Alessandro Massaro
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Photonic Crystals – Introduction, Applications and Theory, Edited by Alessandro Massaro
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0431-5
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Introduction to Photonic Crystals 1
Chapter 1 How Nature Produces Blue Color 3
Priscilla Simonis and Serge Berthier
Chapter 2 Basics of the Photonic Crystal Gratings 25
Andriy E. Serebryannikov
Chapter 3 Resonant Guided Wave Networks 45
Eyal Feigenbaum, Stanley P. Burgos and Harry A. Atwater
Part 2 Photonic Crystals and Applications 61
Chapter 4 Optical Logic Devices Based on Photonic Crystal 63
Kabilan Arunachalam and Susan Christina Xavier
Chapter 5 MEMS Based Deep 1D Photonic Crystal 81
Maurine Malak and Tarik Bourouina
Chapter 6 Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Bio-Sensors 113
Alessandro Massaro
Chapter 7 EIT-Based Photonic Crystals
and Photonic Logic Gate Design 133
Teh-Chau Liau, Jin-Jei Wu, Jian Qi Shen and Tzong-Jer Yang
Part 3 Photonic Crystal Fiber 157
Chapter 8 Photonic Crystal Fibre
Interferometer for Humidity Sensing 159
Jinesh Mathew, Yuliya Semenova and Gerald Farrell
Chapter 9 Arc Fusion Splicing of Photonic Crystal Fibres 175
Krzysztof Borzycki and Kay Schuster
VI Contents
Chapter 10 Optical Solitons from a Photonic Crystal
Fiber and Their Applications 201
Naoki Karasawa and Kazuhiro Tada
Chapter 11 Long-Period Gratings Based on
Photonics Crystal Fibers and Their Applications 225
Chun-Liu Zhao
Chapter 12 Multi-Wavelength Photonic Crystal Fiber Laser 253
S. Shahi, M. R. A. Moghaddam and S. W. Harun
Part 4 Design and Modeling 265
Chapter 13 Overview of Computational
Methods for Photonic Crystals 267
Laurent Oyhenart and Valérie Vignéras
Chapter 14 Coupled Mode Theory of Photonic Crystal Lasers 291
Marcin Koba and Pawel Szczepanski
Chapter 15 Fourier Factorization in the Plane Wave
Expansion Method in Modeling Photonic Crystals 319
Roman Antos and Martin Veis
Preface
Generally the term photonic crystal refers to two dimensional (2-D) and three
dimensional (3-D) structures. Using 2-D and 3-D photonic crystals it is possible to
control the propagation of light at arbitrary angles of incidence and not only the light
normally incident as is the case for conventional optical films. Further, using photonic
crystals, it is possible to achieve optical functionality not possible using conventional
optical materials. This book provides a complete overview about photonic crystals
including properties, applications, approaches and methods for the study.
This book is structured into four main sections:
1. Introduction of Photonic Crystals. Many organisms have photonic crystals as part of
their ‘bodies’. Recent research into the diversity of photonic crystals in nature has led
us to question how such precise nanostructures form, with the hope that answers may
lead to breakthroughs in their engineering. In a study of structural colors in nature, a
remarkable convergence emerged in the nanoscale architecture of 2-D and 3-D
periodic photonic crystals between species, families, phyla, and even kingdoms of
organisms. Of the many types developed engineers, living organisms possess only
four. These, however, occur in many unrelated species. It is possible that a
combination of intra-cellular engineering and molecular self-assembly— as opposed to
proportional genetic mutation—is the major factor in the evolution of photonic crystals
in nature. In this section are reported examples of photonic crystals observed in nature
and some examples of layouts such as gratings and guided waves.
2. Photonic crystals and applications. Applications such as optical logic devices, MEMS
and bio-sensors are presented. Photonic crystals are promising technology in future
optical signal processing and optical computing. In this direction optical logic gates
are the fundamental components in optical digital information processing. In recent
years, researchers have proposed other applications as photonic crystal MEMS based,
and biosensors for bio-molecular detection systems (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
chips detectors). The listed topics are discussed in this section.
3. Photonic crystal fiber: Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) confine slight in hollow cores or
with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fiber. PCF are
used for applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices,
X Preface
high-power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas. More specific
categories of PCF include photonic-bandgap fiber (PCFs that confine light by band gap
effects), holey fiber (PCFs using air holes in their cross-sections), hole-assisted fiber
(PCFs guiding light by a conventional higher-index core modified by the presence of
air holes), and Bragg fiber (photonic-bandgap fiber formed by concentric rings of
multilayer film). This section shows some important applications of the PCF.
4. Design and Modeling: Photonic crystals are described exactly by Maxwell's Equation
systems. Much of our research, however, is directed at achieving a higher level of
understanding of these systems, so that it is possible to predict and explain their
behaviour. This section discusses an overview about computational methods for
photonic crystals including coupled mode and plane wave expansion theory.
Alessandro Massaro
Italian Institute of Technology IIT
Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology, Lecce
Italy
