Table Of ContentPhotonie Band Gaps
and Localization
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Series B: Physics
Photonie Band Gaps
and Localization
Edited by
c.
M. Soukoulis
Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics
lowa State University
Ames,lowa
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Localization and Propagation of Classical Waves in Random and Periodic Structures,
held May 26-30, 1992,
in Aghia Pelaghia, Heraklion, Crete
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Photonic band gaps and localization I edited by C. M. Soukoulis.
p. cm.-(NATO ASI se ries. Se ries B, Physics; vol. 308)
·Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
·Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Localization and Propagation of
Classical Waves in Random and Periodic Structures, held May 26-30, 1992, in Aghia Pelaghia,
Heraklion, Crete"-T. p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Anderson model-Congresses. 2. Wave-motion, Theory of.-Congresses. 3. Electromagnetic
waves-Transmission-Congresses. 4. Photon transport theory-Congresses. I. Soukoulis, C.
M. 11. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. 111. NATO Advanced Research
Workshop on Localization and Propagation of Classical Waves in Random and Periodic Structures
(1992: Aghia Pelaghia, Greece). IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Se ries B, Physics; v. 308.
QC176.8.E4P53 1993 93-8664
530.4'1-dc20 CIP
ISBN 978-1-4899-1608-2 ISBN 978-1-4899-1606-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1606-8
©1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Origina11y published by Plenum Press, New York in 1993.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
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PREFACE
This volume contains the papers presented at the NATO Advanced
Research Workshop on Localization and Propagation o[ Classical Waves in
Random and Periodic Media held in Aghia Pelaghia, Heraklion, Crete, May 26-
30, 1992.
The workshop's goal was to bring together theorists and experimentalists
from two related areas, localization and photonic band gaps, to highlight their
common interests. The objectives of the workshop were (i) to assess the state
of-the-art in experimental and theoretical studies of structures exhibiting
classical wave band gaps and/or localization, (ii) to discuss how such structures
can be fabricated to improve technologies in different areas of physics and
engineering, and (iii) to identify problems and set goals for further research.
Studies of the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in periodic
and/or disordered dielectric structures (photonic band gap structures) have been
and continue to be a dynamic area of research. Anderson localization of EM
waves in disordered dielectric structures is of fundamental interest where the
strong ei-ei interaction efFects entering the eIectron-localization are absent.
Also, in analogy to the case of electron waves propagating in a crystal, classical
EM waves traveling in periodic dielectric structures will be described in terms of
photonic bands with the possibility of the existence of frequency gaps where the
propagation of EM waves is forbidden. The potential applications of such
photonic band gaps are very interesting. Ir has been suggested that the
inhibition of spontaneous emission in such gaps can be utilized to substantially
enhance the performance of semiconductor lasers and other quantum electronic
v
devices. Photonic band gap materials can also find applications in frequency
selective mirrors, band-pass filters, and resonators. In addition, it has been
proposed that Anderson localization of light near a photonic band gap might be
achieved by weak disordering of a periodic arrangement of spheres.
This book contains papers summarizing the "state-of-the-art" of the
photonic band gap and classicallocalization areas of research. The coHection of
the papers is roughly balanced between theory and experiment. It contains
chapters that present latest research results appropriate of an advanced research
workshop, as weH as ones that review a particular field, with the goal of
providing the reader with a sufficient overview and extensive references for a
more detailed study. The book is divided into three parts representing the
various topics discussed at the workshop. Part I covers those topics that are
primarily related to the localization of waves in disordered media. Part 11
provides an up-to-date experimental and theoretical review of the photonic
band gap field. It also discusses the potential applications of the photonic band
gaps. Finally, Part 111 covers the more mathematical aspects of the wave
propagation in disordered media and in addition some specific topics are also
glVen.
The workshop was made possible through the generous support of the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division, Brussels, Belgium and the Ames Laboratory,
operated by the U.S. Department ofEnergy by lowa State University under
Contract No. W-7405-Eng-82. I would like to thank the organizing
committee, E. N. Economou, S. John, and A. Lagendijk for their valuable help
on the organization of the program and the workshop. I would like to express
my appreciation to Rebecca Shivvers, who prepared the conference materials
and edited the manuscripts for this book. Finally, I wish to express my deepest
appreciation to all the participants for making this a lively and enjoyable
workshop.
C. M. Soukoulis
Physics Department
Ames Laboratory
lowa State University
Ames,lowa 50011 U.S.A.
vi
CONTENTS
LOCALIZATION, DIFFUSION, AND CORRELATION
The Localization of· Light .. ... ........ ......... ........................................ ......... 1
Sajeev John
Photon Diffusion, Correlation and Localization.............................................. 23
A. Z. Genack, J. H. Li, N. Garcia, and A. A. Lisyansky
Tbe Speed of Diffusing Light: Rigorous Solutions ......................................... 57
Bart A. van Tiggelen and Ad Lagendijk
Diffusion of Classical Waves in Random Media............................................. 63
J. Kroha, C. M. Soukoulis, and P. Wölfle
Accurate Measurement of Backscattered Light from Random Media...................... 75
P. N. den Outer, M. P. van Albada, and Ad Lagendijk
Optical Speckle Patterns and Coherent Backscattering in Strong Magnetic Fields....... 81
Frank Erbacher, Ralf Lenke, and Georg Maret
Polarization Statistics in Multiple Scattering of Light: A Monte Carlo Approach........ 99
A. S. Martinez and R. Maynard
Dynamic Correlations of Multiply Scattered Light from Strongly Interacting
Suspensions........ ...... .......... .......... .......... .................... ..... .... 115
J. X. Zhu, D. A. Weitz, and R. Klein
Factors Tbat Influence Photon Transport M~a~urements in Dense Random Media...... 131
George H. Watson, Paul M. Saulnier, I. Inan~ Tarhan, and Martin
P. Zinkin
Light Propagation in Porous Media............................................................ 151
B. R. De and D. Stroud
Preliminary Experiments on the Transmission ofLight Through Non-linear
Disordered Media.. ..... .......... ..... .......... ... ..... ....... ..... ........ ....... 165
Johannes F. de Boer, Rudolf Sprik, Ad Lagendijk, and Schechao Feng
Photon Diffusion and Internal Reflectivity.................................................... 171
A. A. Lisyansky, J. H. Li, D. Livdan, N. Garcia, T. D. Cheung, and A. Z.
Genack
Internal Reflections in Diffusive Media ....................................................... 181
Tb. M. Nieuwenhuizen
vii
Fundamental Difference Between the Role of Absorption and Inelastic Scattering in
Random System.................................................................... 187
M. Kaveh and E. Kogan
Higher Order Interference Effects in the Reflection of Coherent Waves from
Random Media...................................................................... 195
M. Nieto-Vesperinas and J. A. Sanchez-Gil
Disordered Fabry-Perot Interferometer: Diffusive Wave Spectroscopy .................. 201
Richard Berkovits
PHOTONIC BAND GAPS
Photonic Band Structure ........................................................................ 207
E. Yablonovitch
Photonic Gaps for Electromagnetic Waves in Periodic Dielectric Structures:
Discovery of the Diamond Structure ....................... .... ........... ....... 235
K. M. Ho, C. T. Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis
Photonic Band Structures ofTwo-Dimensional Dielectric Media.......................... 247
Alexei A. Maradudin and Arthur R. McGurn
Plane-Wave Calculation ofPhotonic Band Structure........................................ 269
K. M. Leung
Photonic Band Gaps in Two-Dimensional Square and Triangular Lattices............... 283
Pierre R. Villeneuve and Michel Piche
Photonic Band Gaps in Periodic Dielectric Structures: Relation to the Single-
Scatterer Mie Resonances .................... .......... .......... ...... ........... 289
S. Datta, C. T. Chan, K. M. Ho, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. N. Economou
Periodie Dielectric Structures; The Long Wavelength Effective Die1ectric Constant.... 299
C. T. Chan, S. Datta, K. M. Ho, and C. M. Soukoulis
Measuremen~ of~alization and Photonic Band Gap Systems in Two
DImensIons.......................................................................... 305
S. SchuItz and D. R. Smith
Spectral Gaps for Classical Waves in Periodic Structures .................................. 317
E. N. Economou and M. Sigalas
Experimental ObselVation of Bending Wave Localization.................................. 339
George Cody, Ling Ye, Minyao Zhou, Ping Sheng, and Andrew N. Norris
Molecular and Free Electron Spontaneous Emission in Periodie Three-Dimensional
Dielectric Structures................................................................ 355
N. M. Lawandy and Gyeong-il Kweon
The Single-Mode Light-Emitting-Diode....................................................... 369
I. Schnitzer, E. Yablonovitch, A. Scherer, and T. J. Gmitter
vili
WAVE PROPAGATION IN RANDOM MEDIA
Localization Transition in Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Systems. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 379
Ping Sheng and Zhao-Qing Zhang
Statistical Inversion of Stratified Media from Acoustic Pulses Scattered at Two
Angles of Incidence .................... " . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .••••. . 4IY1
Mark Asch, Wemer Kohler, George Papanicolaou. Marie PosteI, and Benjamin
White
Wave Propagation and Random Media Beyond Effective Medium Tbeories:
The Theory of Aggregates......................................................... 421
Thierry Robin and Bemard Souillard
Scattering and Localization of Classical Waves Along a Wave Guide with
Disorder and Dissipation ........................... ............... ........... ..... 439
M. Schreiber and K. Maschke
Second Hannonic Generation in Periodically Modulated Media........................... 453
Marek Grabowski
A Transport Equation for Random Electromagnetic Wave Propagation................... 459
A. Tip
Symmetrized Transverse Vector Fields ....................................................... 465
Revik Allakhverdyan
1-D Disordered System with Absorption as a Model of Real Media of Propagation.... 471
Valentin Freilikher
Transient Wave Propagation in Periodically Layered Media................................ 479
DoAan Turhan and Ibrahim A. Alshaikh
A Method for Analyzing Waves in Layered Structures with Periodic
Discontinuities Like Strips or Slots .............................................. 487
Eugene J. Danicki
Synchronous Forward to Backward Surface Acoustic Wave Coupling in
Reversing Multistrip Coupler . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 499
Eugene J. Danicki
Band Tails in a Disordered System............................................................ 509
M. C. W. van Rossum. Tb. M. Nieuwenhuizen. E. Hofstetter. and M.
Schreiber
Participants Photo ..................................................................................... 515
Author Index ...................................... ··· .. ····················.···················•· 517
Subject Index ............................................................ .............................. 519
ix
