Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space: Proceedings of the 6th Eslab Symposium, Held at Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 26–29 September, 1972

555 Pages·1973·17.27 MB·English

by  A. A. Lucas (auth.), R. J. L. Grard (eds.)

PHOTON AND PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH
SURFACES IN SPACE
ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
Editorial Board
J. E. BLAMONT, Laboratoire d'Aeronomie, Verrieres, France
R. L. F. BOYD, University College, London, England
L. GOLDBERG, Kilt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A.
C. DE JAGER, University of Utrecht, Holland
Z. KOPAL, University of Manchester, Manchester, England
G. H. LUDWIG, NOAA, National Environmental Satellite Service, Suitland, Md., U.S.A.
R. LOST, Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching-Munchen, Germany
B. M. MCCORMAC, Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif., U.S.A.
H. E. NEWELL, NASA, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
L. I. SEDOV, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Z. SVESTKA, Fraunhofer Institute, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Secretary of the Editorial Board
W. DE GRAAFF, Sterrewacht 'Sonnenborgh', University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland
VOLUME 37
PHOTON AND PAR TICLE
INTERACTIONS
WITH SURFACES IN SPACE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH ESLAB SYMPOSIUM,
HELD AT NOORDWIJK, THE NETHERLANDS,
26-29 SEPTEMBER, 1972
Edited by
R. J. L. GRARD
Space Science Department (ESLAB),
European Space Research and Technology Centre,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT-HOLLAND /BOSTON - U. S. A.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-83561
ISBN-13:978-94-0I0-2649-9 e-ISBN-13:978-94-0I0-2647-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2647-5
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico
by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc.
306 Dartmouth Street, Boston,
Mass. 02116, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1973 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
TABLE OF CONTENTS*
PREFACE IX
E. A. TRENDELENBURG / Opening Address Xl
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS XIII
1. INTRODUCTORY LECTURES
A. A. LUCAS / Fundamental Processes in Particle and Photon Interactions with
~~ 3
G. L. SISCOE / The Particle Environment in Space 23
2. INTERACTIONS WITH SPACECRAFT
2.1. Theoretical Sheath Models
H. SCHRODER / Spherically Symmetric Model of the Photoelectron Sheath for
Moderately Large Plasma Debye Lengths 51
J. K. E. TUNALEY and J. JONES / The Photoelectron Sheath around a Spher-
ical Body (presented by R. J. L. Grard) 59
E. H. WALKER / Plasma Sheath and Screening of Charged Bodies 73
T. R. KAISER and P. C. KENDALL / The Distortion of an Electromagnetic Wave
Field by a Cavity in a Cold Magneto-Plasma 91
2.2. Numerical Analysis and Simulation
H. WElL, H. JEW, and u. SAMIR / Structure of the Ionospheric Disturbances
about Planetary Entry Probes 101
M. SOOP / Numerical Calculations of the Perturbation of an Electric Field
around a Spacecraft 127
2.3. Influence of Surface Emission on Experimental Measurements
H. R. ROSENBAUER / Possible Effects of Photoelectron Emission on a Low
Energy Electron Experiment 139
D. P. CA UFFMAN / The Effects of Photoelectron Emission on a Multiple-Probe
Spacecraft near the Plasmapause 153
R. J. L. GRARD, K. KNOTT, and A. PEDERSEN / The Influence of Photoelectron
and Secondary Electron Emission on Electric Field Measurements in the
Magnetosphere and Solar Wind (presented by K. Knott) 163
* Contributions presented by first author, unless specified otherwise.
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.4. Particle Energy Distributions Around Spacecraft
u. SAMIR / Charged Particle Distribution in the Nearest Vicinity of Iono-
spheric Satellites - Comparison of the Main Results from the Ariel I, Ex-
plorer 31 and Gemini-Agena 10 Spacecraft 193
G. L. WRENN and w. J. HEIKKILA / Photoelectrons Emitted from ISIS Space-
craft 221
K. NORMAN and R. M. FREEMAN / Energy Distribution of Photoelectrons Emit-
ted from a Surface on the OGO-5 Satellite and Measurements of Satellite
Potential 231
2.5. Potential of the Spacecraft Surface
M. D. MONTGOMERY, J. R. ASBRIDGE, S. J. BAME, and E. W. HONES / Low-
Energy Electron Measurements and Spacecraft Potential: Vela 5 and Vela 6 247
s. E. DEFOREST / Electrostatic Potentials Developed by ATS-5 263
R. W. FREDRICKS and F. L. SCARF / Observations of Spacecraft Charging Ef-
fects in Energetic Plasma Regions 277
B. POL YCHRONOPULOS and c. V. GOODALL / A System for Measuring and
Controlling the Surface Potential of Rockets Flown in the Ionosphere 309
2.6. Spacecraft Surface Materials
M. BUJOR! Work Function Variation Across the Surface of Tungsten and Vit-
reous Carbon 323
M. ANDEREGG, B. FEUERBACHER, and B. FITTON / Experimental Investigation
of Photoemission from Satellite Surface Materials 331
H. KOSTLIN and A. ATZEI / Present State of the Art in Conductive Coating
Technology 333
3. INTERACTIONS WITH CELESTIAL OBJECTS
3.1. Electric Properties of the Moon Surface and Environment
R. H. MANKA / Plasma and Potential at the Lunar Surface 347
J. W. FREEMAN, JR., M. A. FENNER, and H. K. HILLS / The Electric Potential of
the Moon in the Solar Wind 363
D. L. REASONER and w. J. BURKE / Measurement of the Lunar Photoelectron
Layer in the Geomagnetic Tail 369
R. F. WILLIS, M. ANDEREGG, B. FEUERBACHER, and B. FITTON / Photoemis-
sion and Secondary Electron Emission from Lunar Surface Material 389
3.2. Influence of Surface Emission on the Properties of Other
Celestial Objects
s. D. SHA WHAN, R. F. HUBBARD, G. JOYCE, and D. A. GURNETT / Sheath Ac-
celeration of Photoelectrons by Jupiter's Satellite 10 405
B. FEUERBACHER, R. F. WILLIS, and B. FITTON / Electrostatic Charging and
Formation of Composite Interstellar Grains 415
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
3.3. Solar Wind Interactions with Celestial Objects
R. H. MANKA and F. C. MICHEL / Lunar Ion Flux and Energy 429
D. R. CRISWELL / Photoelectrons and Lunar Limb Shocks 443
s. T. wu and M. DR YER / Kinetic Theory Analysis of Solar Wind Interaction
with Planetary Objects 453
B. R. LICHTENSTEIN, P. J. COLEMAN, JR., and c. T. RUSSELL / Magnetic Mea-
surements of the Solar Wind Interaction with the Moon (presented by G. L.
ffi~o~ 471
L. J. SRNKA / Observation of TM-Mode Induction in a Simulated Solar Wind/
Moon Interaction 481
3.4. Solar X-Ray Interaction with the Lunar Surface
I. ADLER, J. I. TROMBKA, and L. I. YIN / Lunar Composition from Apollo
Orbital Measurements (presented by D. R. Criswell) 501
3.5. Erosion Processes on the Lunar Surface
T. GOLD / Sputtering and Darkening of the Grains on the Lunar Surface 517
E. H. WALKER / The Lunar Electronosphere and Implications for Erosion on
the Moon 521
D. R. CRISWELL / Horizon-Glow and the Motion of Lunar Dust 545
T. GOLD and G. J. WILLIAMS / Electrostatic Transportation of Dust on the
Moon 557
4. LECTURES IN CONCLUSION
U. FAHLESON / Plasma-Vehicle Interactions in Space - Some Aspects on Present
Knowledge and Future Development 563
T. GOLD / Particle Interactions with Celestial Objects - Concluding Remarks 571
INDEX OF AUTHORS 577
PREFACE
The 6th ESLAB Symposium, organised by the Space Science Department (formerly
ESLAB) of the European Space Research and Technology Center, was held in Noord-
wijk from 26-29 September 1972. This year the theme was "Photon and Particle
Interactions with Surfaces in Space". More than 60 scientists attended mainly from
ESRO Member States and from America.
The first part of the Symposium was devoted to introductory lectures and to papers
on interactions with spacecraft. The second half dealt with the photon and particle
interactions with celestial objects, and ended with a general discussion and presenta-
tions of areas where new developments are required.
The purpose of this Symposium was to throw light on the importance of the prob-
lems which are evoked by E. A. Trendelenburg in his introductory remarks, and to
sum up our present understanding of these phenomena. It is hoped that this book
will prove useful to physicists and engineers who are actually involved in space ex-
periments and are concerned with interactions of these types.
R. J. L. GRARD
OPENING ADDRESS
Gentlemen,
I should like to welcome you to the 6th ESLAB Symposium.
In the past we have always organised this Symposium jointly with our sister in-
stitute, ESRIN, in Frascati, but unfortunately reductions in the scientific budget
have forced ESRO to terminate the activities of that laboratory. Nevertheless, we
have decided to carryon the tradition, and we shall continue on our own organising
this series of symposia on specialised subjects.
The reason for choosing this year's particular topic is almost historical. Sevetal
years ago, when I was appointed Director of ESLAB by the ESRO Council, I thought
that we should devote some effort to Surface Physics. I felt, at that time, that progress
in this domain would eventually benefit other fields of space research. Indeed, the
importance of Surface Physics in space has outgrown my initial expectations, and
today I find it extremely rewarding that the first symposium entirely devoted to this
problem is being presented to such a distinguished audience.
Presently, spacecraft are venturing further and further away from the Earth,
probing the tenuous medium of the magnetosphere and interplanetary space. More
than ever we need to understand the influence of photon and particle fluxes on the
electric properties of the surface of a space probe, and to evaluate the extent to which
the output of a scientific experiment can be modified by such phenomena. Similar
processes also occur at the surface of celestial bodies and may give the clue to phe-
nomena which have been observed, but remain so far unexplained.
It seems to me very promising that physicists coming from different horizons of
science - theoreticians, laboratory and space experimenters, as well as lunar special-
ists - have decided to gather and to compound their knowledge in the very specialised
field which deals with the interactions between a surface and its environment in space.
It can be expected that the outcome of the discussions between people having such
different backgrounds will help to clarify and improve our present understanding of
these important problems.
I hope that you will find this meeting useful and profitable, and I sincerely wish
you a pleasant stay here in Noordwijk.
I now declare the 6th ESLAB Symposium open.
26 September 1972 E. A. TRENDELENBURG
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Anderegg, M., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Andresen, R D., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk,
Holland
Arens,!., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Atzei, A, Energy Conversion Division, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Boeckel, J. J. van, Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk,
Holland
Bujor, M., Groupe de Recherches Ionospheriques, 4, ave. de Neptune, 94, Saint-
Maur-des-Fosses, France
Cauffman, D. P., Bldg. 120, Room 1405, The Aerospace Corporation, P.O. Box
92957, Los Angeles, Calif. 90009, U.S.A
Criswell, D. R., Lunar Science Institute, 3303 NASA Road I, Houston, Tex. 77058,
U.S.A
Dauphin, J., Reliability Division, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
DeForest, S. E., Physics Department University of California, San Diego, La Jolla,
Calif. 92037, U.S.A
Domingo, V., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Durney, A. C., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Fahleson, U. V., Department of Plasma Physics, Royal Institute of Technology,
S-100 44 Stockholm 70, Sweden
Feuerbacher, B., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Hoi-
land
Fitton, B., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Fredricks, R W., TRW Systems Group, Space Sciences Department, One Space
Park, Building R-l, Room 1070, Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278, U.S.A.
Freeman, J. W., Jr., Department of Space Science, Rice University, Houston, Tex.
77001, U.S.A
Gold, T., Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, U.S.A.
Gonfalone, A, Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Grard, R, Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Haskell, G. P., ESRO, 114, ave. Charles de Gaulle, 92, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Isensee, U., Lehrstuhl B fUr Theoretische Physik, Technische UniversiHit Braun-
schweig, 33 Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse lA, Germany
Jones, D., Space Science Department, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland
Kaiser, T. R, Radioastronomy Group, Physics Department, The Hicks Building,
The University, Sheffield S3 7RH, England
Kalweit, C. c., GEOS Division, ESTEC, Domeinweg, Noordwijk, Holland