Photochemistry Vol. 39 A review of the literature published between May 2010 and April 2011

295 Pages·2011·34.05 MB·English

by  Angelo Albini

Specialist Periodical Reports
Edited by Angelo Albini
Photochemistry
Volume 39
Photochemistry
Volume 39

A Specialist Periodical Report
Photochemistry
Volume 39
A Review of the Literature Published between
May 2010 and April 2011
Editor
Angelo Albini, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Authors
Catia Clementi, Dipartimento di Chimica, Perugia, Italy
Telma Costa, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Rui Fausto, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Gianna Favaro, Dipartimento di Chimica, Perugia, Italy
Andrea Go´mez-Zavaglia, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Elizabeth J. Harbron, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, USA
Linda J. Johnston, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Kuppuswamy Kalyanasundaram, Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces,
Lausanne, Switzerland
Andrea Maldotti, Universita`degli Studi di Ferrara, Italy
Costanza Miliani, Dipartimento di Chimica, Perugia, Italy
Hiroaki Misawa, Hokkaido University, Japan
Joa˜o Pina, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Fausto Puntoriero, Universita`degli Studi di Messina, Italy
Aldo Romani, Dipartimento di Chimica, Perugia, Italy
J. Se´rgio Seixas de Melo, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Kosei Ueno, Hokkaido University, Japan
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ISBN: 978-1-84973-165-2
ISSN: 0556-3860
DOI: 10.1039/9781849732826
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
& The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
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Preface
Angelo Albinia
DOI: 10.1039/9781849732826-FP005
ThisisVolume39oftheSeries‘‘Photochemistry’’oftheSpecialistPeriodical
Reports published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, the first volume of
which was printed in 1970 and reviewed the photochemical literature from
July 1968 to June 1969. The Editor of Volume 1, Derek Bryce Smith,
remarked that in preparing their contributions, ‘‘the authors have adopted
asaguidingprincipletheneedtopresentasunifiedatreatmentaspossible;
and although various Chapters stress, say, the more ‘physical’ or ‘organic’
aspects of the subject, in reflection of the emphasis in the original papers,
the aim has been to produce a work which as a whole will be of value to
both physical and organic chemists, and even, with the inclusion of a
section on Inorganic Photochemistry, to inorganic and organometallic
chemists’’ (D. Bryce Smith, Photochemistry, Vol. 1, p. iii, Chem. Soc.,
London,1970).
Fortyyearslateritdoesnotappearpossibletomaintainthesameformat.
This is due in part to a change in the way scientific literature is currently
searchedandused.AsIanDunkin,theEditorofVolumes34–36,remarked
‘‘it has been apparent in recent years that we are experiencing a profound
change in the way in which information of all types is disseminated. In
particular,more-or-lessuniversallyavailableon-linesearchingforscientific
papers and data has greatly speeded up the task of searching the literature
formaterialrelevanttoanyareaofinterest.Somuchso,thattheinevitable
timedelayinherentintheproductionofreviewserials,suchastheSpecialist
Periodical Reports, now seems excessive’’ (Dunkin, Photochemistry, Vol.
36, p. 1, R. Chem. Soc., Cambridge, 2007).
Furthermore, and perhaps even more importantly, photochemistry has
expandedintosomanydiversepaths thatpresenting‘‘aunifiedtreatment’’
seems not to be a viable choice, let alone that this should be done in a few
months aftertheoriginalpublications. Photochemistry practitionerslivein
different communities that often have very little contact.
This very fact, however, suggests that publishing a yearly volune on
photochemistry may make sense. The idea is making available in a single
volumealargecollectionofresultsfromtheliterature,organizedinasucha
way that, even if a unitary treatment can not be offered, readers from dif-
ferent chemical disciplines may have some indication of the role that the
peculiar physical and chemical properties of electronically excited states
play in each case, and of the existence (and usefullness) of a basic core of
notions of photochemistry. Therefore, the last volumes aim, though not
necessarily with success, to offer rather a crytical than a comprehensive
coverage.
Takingafurtherstepinthisdirection,fromthisvolumeonthecoverage
ofisalternate,withthelimitationeachyeartoahalfofthesubjectschosen
aOrganicChemistryDepartment,PaviaUniversity,vialeTaramelli,10,27100,Pavia,Italy
Photochemistry, 2011, 39, v–vi | v
(cid:2)c TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011
forreview(thatontheotherhandcertainlydonotexhausttheapplications
of photochemistry). This change should give a better opportunity for a
crytical treament of each topic. This year, the reader will find inorganic
photochemistry, solar energy conversion, transient and matrix spectro-
scopy, next year organic and theoretical. In addition to these chapters, in
everyvolumeashortbutgeneraloverviewof(someof)theadvancementsin
photochemistry and a number of ‘‘highlights’’ will be presented. The last
contributionsarehigh-levelaccountofspecialtopics,andthosetreatedthis
year concern strong photon-molecule coupling field and its effect on the
efficiency on the efficiency of photochemical reactions, nanoscale spatial
resolution in optical microscopy, photochromism in nanoparticles, as well
as the relation between photochemistry and art masterpieces. It is hoped
thatsuchstate-of-theart specificcontributions areofsomegeneralinterest
and that their publication along with general coverage chapter may be
useful for the reader, the suggestions of whom are eagerly waited for and
will be attentively considered. A sincere thank goes to the Authors of the
individual chapters, both those that took this job when the series started
again from Vol. 37 and the new entries (F. Punturiero and K. Kalyana-
sundaram) for their invaluable contribution, as well as to Bruce Gilbert,
chairoftheSPRseries,forhisencouragementandtoMerlinFoxfromRSC
for his continuous support.
Professor Derek Bryce-Smith passed away in June 2011. A well-known
scientist and first chairman of the European Photochemistry Association
(EPA),heestablishedtheseriesofvolumesonPhotochemistrypublishedby
RSCintheSpecialistPeriodicalReports,withthefirstvolumepublishedin
1970.Atthetime,photochemistrywasarapidly-growingfieldandtherewas
aclearrequirementforacriticalassessmentoftheliteraturethatwouldhelp
the many new groups that entered the field and those that were already
involved.Thewayhedevisedwasassemblingateamwithavariedexpertise
and a shared target. As he stated in the Introduction, ‘‘The authors have
attempted to achieve both a report and a critical commentary, as far as
possible;buttheaimtohaveaneditedmanuscript attheprinters onlytwo
and a half months after the end of the period under review has inevitably
restricted the desirable element of commentary. The name of the author
principally responsibleforcompilationisgivenforeach Chapter, although
the authors accept Cabinet responsibility for the work as a whole’’.
The series, which he served as the sole Editor up to Volume 18 and, in
association with Professor Andrew Gilbert, up to Volume 25, was highly
successful and the ‘‘red books’’ became a familiar sight in every photo-
chemical laboratory and one of the main instruments for the advancement
of this discipline.
vi | Photochemistry, 2011, 39, v–vi
CONTENTS
Cover
Anenergyleveldiagram
overlaidonthesun.
Backgroundimage
reproducedby
permissionofNASA.
Preface v
Angelo Albini
Light induced reactions in cryogenic matrices 1
Rui Fausto and Andrea Go´mez-Zavaglia
1 Introduction 1
2 UV-visible-induced reactions in cryomatrices 2
3 IR-induced reactions in cryomatrices 24
Acknowledgements 27
References 27
Excited state dynamics in p-conjugated polymers 30
Joa˜o Pina, Hugh D. Burrows and J. Se´rgio Seixas de Melo
1 Decay mechanisms in organic conjugated polymers and 30
oligomers: energy transfer and on chain exciton migration
2 Triplet state in p-conjugated polymers 37
3 PhosLEDS and white light systems 48
4 Photovoltaics 50
5 Stability and degradation 51
6 Water soluble conjugated polymers 53
7 Conclusions 58
Acknowledgments 58
References 58
Photochemistry, 2011, 39, vii–x | vii
(cid:2)c TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011
Photophysics of transition metal complexes 65
Fausto Puntoriero
1 Introduction 65
2 Ruthenium and osmium 66
3 Iridium 71
4 Platinum 75
5 Rhenium 76
6 Interaction of transition metal complexes with DNA 78
7 Lanthanides 79
8 Copper 80
9 Miscellanea 82
References 82
Photochemicalandphotocatalyticpropertiesoftransition-metalcompounds 88
Andrea Maldotti
1 Introduction 88
2 Vanadium, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten 88
3 Manganese 90
4 Iron 91
5 Ruthenium 94
6 Osmium 102
7 Cobalt, rhodium and iridium 102
8 Platinum and palladium 104
9 Copper and silver 105
10 Others 107
References 107
Photochemical energy conversion 112
Kuppuswamy Kalyanasundaram
1 Photodecomposition of water to molecular H and O 112
2 2
2 Dye sensitized solar cells (DSC). Photoanodes 121
3 Photosensitizers for DSC 137
4 Electrolytes for DSC 154
References 177
Fluorescence imaging on the nanoscale: bioimaging using near-field 191
scanning optical microscopy
Linda J. Johnston
1 Introduction 191
2 Near-field approaches to overcome the diffraction limit 192
3 Cellular imaging with aperture-based NSOM 196
viii | Photochemistry, 2011, 39, vii–ix
4 Antennas and apertureless 202
5 Hybrid NSOM methods 205
6 Conclusions and outlook 207
References 208
Photochromic nanoparticles 211
Elizabeth J. Harbron
1 Introduction 211
2 All-organic photochromic nanoparticles 213
3 Inorganic nanoparticles with organic photochromes 223
4 Conclusions 225
References 225
Strong photon–molecule coupling fields for chemical reactions 228
Kosei Ueno and Hiroaki Misawa
1 Introduction 228
2 Localized surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement 230
of electromagnetic fields
3 Preparation of metallic nanoparticles and their plasmonic 231
spectral properties
4 Two-photon photoluminescence from closely spaced gold 235
nanostructures based on near-field enhancement effects
5 Plasmonic enhancement effects proved by surface-enhanced 239
Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS)
6 Plasmon-assisted two-photon polymerization 242
7 Two-photon photochemical reactions by an incoherent 246
light source
8 Plasmon-assisted photocurrent generation by visible and 248
near-infrared light irradiation
9 Conclusion 251
Acknowledgments 252
References 252
Photochemistry and cultural heritage. What is the impact of 256
light on works of art?
Aldo Romani, Catia Clementi, Costanza Miliani and Gianna Favaro
1 Introduction 256
2 Photochemical tools 257
3 Photophysical investigations: knowledge and diagnostics 260
4 Photochemistry: photodegradation 270
5 Control of efficiency of cleaning/restoring 278
6 Summary and conclusions 279
References 280
Photochemistry, 2011, 39, vii–x | ix