Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production for Sustainable Energy

328 Pages·2023·6.485 MB·English

by  Puga A. (ed.)

PhotocatalyticHydrogenProduction
forSustainableEnergy
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
for Sustainable Energy
Edited by Alberto Puga
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v
Contents
Preface xi
1 PhotocatalyticHydrogenProductionintheContextof
SustainableEnergy 1
AlbertoPuga
1.1 TheTransitiontoSustainableEnergy 1
1.1.1 TrendsinPrimaryEnergyProduction 1
1.1.2 FossilReserves 2
1.1.3 CarbonDioxideEmissionsandGlobalWarming 3
1.1.4 StrategicLow-carbonGoalsandEnergySustainability 4
1.2 HydrogenasRenewableEnergyCarrier 5
1.2.1 TheColorsofHydrogen:TowardCleanHydrogen 5
1.2.2 CostsofHydrogenProduction 6
1.2.3 SolarFuelsandSyntheticFuels 7
1.3 TheOpportunityforPhotocatalyticHydrogen 8
1.3.1 PhotoelectrocatalyticWaterSplitting 9
1.3.2 PhotocatalyticWaterSplitting 10
1.3.3 PhotocatalyticHydrogenfromVariousFeedstocksby
Photoreforming 11
1.3.4 PhotobiocatalyticHydrogen 13
1.4 Outlook 14
Acknowledgments 15
References 15
2 FundamentalsandConceptsofPhotocatalyticHydrogen
Evolution 19
BunshoOhtani,FitriR.Amalia,MahbubA.Akanda,andMaiTakashima
2.1 HeterogeneousPhotocatalysis 19
2.2 ThermodynamicDescription 19
2.3 StandardElectrodePotential 22
2.4 PhotocatalystsforHydrogenEvolution 23
2.5 Co-catalystsforHydrogenEvolution 24
2.6 RoleofPlatinum 26
2.7 AnataseandRutile 29
vi Contents
2.8 OutlooksonPhotocatalyticHydrogenEvolution 31
References 32
3 IsotopicSubstitutiontoUnraveltheMechanismsof
PhotocatalyticHydrogenProduction 35
MarianoCurti,YamenAlSalka,OsamaAl-Madanat,and
DetlefW.Bahnemann
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 IsotopicSubstitutionontheSolventorSubstrate 36
3.2.1 Water 36
3.2.2 Alcohols 38
3.2.3 CarbonylCompounds 41
3.2.4 AromaticCompounds 45
3.3 IsotopicSubstitutiononthePhotocatalyst 47
3.3.1 TiSubstitution 47
3.3.2 OSubstitution 49
3.3.3 HSubstitution 51
3.3.4 SubstitutioninMaterialsOtherthanTiO 53
2
3.4 ConcludingRemarks 54
Acknowledgments 55
References 55
4 PhotocatalyticOverallWaterSplittingandRelatedProcesses
forStrategicEnergyStorageintoHydrogen 63
AlbertoPuga
4.1 PhotocatalysisasaWaterSplittingTechnologyOption 63
4.1.1 WhatIs(andWhatIsNot)PhotocatalyticOverallWaterSplitting? 63
4.1.2 ComparisontoCompetingTechnologies:Photoelectrochemicaland
Photovoltaic-Electrochemical 64
4.2 BasicsandFundamentalsofPhotocatalyticWaterSplitting 66
4.2.1 WaterSplittingThermodynamics,EnergyBalanceandMetrics 66
4.2.2 PhotophysicsofHeterogeneousSemiconductorPhotocatalysts 67
4.2.3 TheChallengingKineticsofWaterSplittingandCo-Catalyst
Requirements 69
4.2.4 PhotoreactorEngineeringandProcessConditions 69
4.3 MaterialsforPhotocatalyticOverallSplittingofPureWaterinto
H andO 71
2 2
4.3.1 SingleLightAbsorberConfigurationBasedonMetalOxide
Semiconductors 73
4.3.2 DopedMetalOxidesImproveSingleAbsorberPhotocatalysts 75
4.3.3 ModificationsofSingleLightAbsorberPhotocatalysts:(Oxy)nitrides,
(Oxy)sulfides 76
4.3.4 OrganicorMetal–OrganicSemiconductorsforPhotocatalyticWater
Splitting 78
4.3.5 BioinspiredTwo-AbsorberZ-SchemeConfigurationstowardArtificial
Chloroplasts 79
Contents vii
4.3.6 ArtificialLeavesBasedonSemiconductorJunctions 81
4.4 PhotocatalyticSplittingofSeawater 82
4.5 PhotocatalyticOverallWaterSplittingintoH O andH 84
2 2 2
4.6 BeyondWaterSplitting:PhotocatalyticHydrogenfromNH orOther
3
BinaryHydrogenSubstances 85
4.7 OutlookandProspects 86
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
5 PhotoelectrocatalyticH Production 95
2
LeventeNagy,RobertoGonzález-Gómez,GunasekaranKumaravelDinesh,
andPauFarràs
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 ParametersAffectingPECH Production 96
2
5.2.1 Solar-to-H ConversionEfficiency 96
2
5.2.2 IncidentPhotontoCurrentEfficiency 98
5.2.3 PhotocurrentDensity 98
5.2.4 ReactorSetup 98
5.2.4.1 TypeofPhotocell 99
5.2.4.2 IncidentLight 100
5.2.4.3 PhotocellWindowMaterial 100
5.3 PhotoelectrochemicalSemiconductorMaterials 101
5.3.1 MorphologiesofSemiconductorMaterials 101
5.3.2 PhotoelectrodeModification 102
5.3.2.1 BilayerStructure 103
5.3.2.2 Z-SchemeMultilayer 103
5.3.2.3 Co-CatalystLayer 104
5.3.2.4 SurfacePassivationCoating 105
5.4 PhotoelectrochemicalReactorConfigurations 106
5.4.1 SinglePhotoelectrochemicalCells 106
5.4.2 TandemPhotoelectrochemicalCells 107
5.4.3 PEC-DSSCSystems 108
5.4.4 IntegratedPECSystems 109
5.5 DesignConsiderationsforWaterSplitting 109
5.5.1 TheoreticalStudiesandModels 110
5.5.2 TemperatureEffects 112
5.5.3 SemiconductorFeatures 112
5.5.4 TechnicalChallenges 113
5.6 Conclusion 114
References 114
6 HydrogenProductionfromWaterUsingThermaland
Photo-DrivenSystems.AnOverviewofResearchActivityon
Catalysts-BasedMulti-junctionSolarCells 123
HichamIdriss
6.1 Introduction 123
6.1.1 ThermalWaterSplittingUsingMetalOxides 124
viii Contents
6.1.1.1 Principle 124
6.1.1.2 Application 125
6.1.1.3 Limitation 126
6.1.2 ElectrocatalyticWaterSplitting 128
6.1.3 PhotocatalyticandPhotoelectrocatalyticWaterSplitting 128
6.1.3.1 Principle 128
6.1.3.2 Application 128
6.1.3.3 Limitation 129
6.2 ACaseStudy 129
6.2.1 Photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)Systems,Stability,andPerformance 130
6.3 Conclusions 133
Acknowledgments 134
References 134
7 PhotocatalyticHydrogenGenerationbyMetal–Organic
Frameworks 141
JosepAlberoandHermenegildoGarcía
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 Photocatalysis 142
7.3 Photocatalysts 145
7.4 Metal–OrganicFrameworks(MOFs) 147
7.5 MOFsasPhotocatalysts 149
7.6 MOFsasPhotocatalystsforH Generation 153
2
7.7 MOFsasPhotocatalystsforOverallWaterSplitting 156
7.8 Conclusions 160
References 161
8 OrganicTransformationsInvolvingPhotocatalyticHydrogen
Release 165
MiriamMarchi,MicheleMelchionna,andPaoloFornasiero
8.1 Introduction 165
8.2 FundamentalPrinciplesofPhotocatalyticSystemsforH Evolution 167
2
8.3 PhotocatalyticOrganicTransformationsIntegratedwithH
2
Generation 170
8.3.1 PhotocatalyticOrganicOxidationCoupledwithH Production 170
2
8.3.1.1 OxidationofAlcohols 170
8.3.2 OxidationofBiomass-DerivedIntermediates 173
8.3.3 PhotocatalyticOxidativeCouplingReactionsIntegratedwithH
2
Formation 175
8.3.3.1 FormationofC—CCoupledProducts 175
8.3.3.2 FormationofC—NCoupledProducts 180
8.3.3.3 FormationofS—SCoupledProducts 181
8.3.4 IntegrationofH ProductionwithOxidativeCross-Coupling 182
2
8.4 ConclusionsandPerspectives 184
Acknowledgments 185
References 185
Contents ix
9 PhotocatalyticHydrogenProductionbyBiomass
Reforming 191
ThangjamI.Singh,ShuyaLi,GyuLeem,andSeunghyunLee
9.1 Introduction 191
9.2 GeneralPrinciplesofPhotocatalysis 192
9.3 PhotocatalyticReformingofBiomass 193
9.4 Metal-BasedPhotocatalyticReformingofBiomass 193
9.4.1 TiO -BasedPhotocatalystsandEffectofCo-catalysts 193
2
9.4.1.1 PlatinizedTiO (Pt/TiO )Photocatalysts 194
2 2
9.4.1.2 Pd/TiO Photocatalysts 195
2
9.4.1.3 Au/TiO Photocatalysts 196
2
9.4.2 Non-preciousMetals/TiO Photocatalysts 198
2
9.4.3 Nonmetals/TiO Photocatalysts 200
2
9.4.4 CdS-BasedPhotocatalystsandCo-catalystLoading 201
9.4.4.1 Au/CdSPhotocatalysts 202
9.4.4.2 Ni/CdSPhotocatalyst 202
9.4.4.3 NiS/CdSPhotocatalyst 202
9.4.5 MetalSulfidesOtherthanCdS 203
9.4.6 MetalOxidesOtherthanTiO -BasedPhotocatalysts 204
2
9.5 Metal–OrganicFramework(MOFs)-BasedPhotocatalysts 206
9.6 Metal-FreePhotocatalysts 209
9.7 Dye-SensitizedTiO Photocatalysts 211
2
9.8 Conclusion 213
Acknowledgment 213
References 214
10 PhotocatalyticHydrogenProductionfromAqueousSolutions
ofOrganicSubstances–BiomassComponents–Over
CdS-basedPhotocatalystsUnderVisibleLight 219
AnnaY.KurenkovaandEkaterinaA.Kozlova
10.1 Introduction 219
10.2 ComparisonofVariousBiomassProcessingMethods 221
10.3 PhotocatalyticHydrogenProductionfromBiomassComponents 221
10.4 TheUseofCdS-BasedPhotocatalystsforHydrogenEvolutionfrom
BiomassComponents 223
10.5 TheSynthesisofNovelPhotocatalystsCd Zn S-Cd Zn Sfor
1−x x 1−y y
PhotocatalyticHydrogenEvolutionfromBiomassComponents 226
10.5.1 HydrogenEvolutionfromLow-solubleBiomassComponents 232
10.5.1.1 PhotocatalyticHydrogenEvolutionfromCelluloseAqueous
Suspensions 232
10.5.1.2 PhotocatalyticHydrogenEvolutionfromStarchAqueous
Suspensions 235
10.6 ConcludingRemarkandOutlook 237
Acknowledgment 238
References 238
x Contents
11 PhotocatalyticHydrogenProductionfromWaste 245
SandraY.Toledo-CamachoandSandraContrerasIglesias
11.1 Introduction 245
11.2 MunicipalWastewater(MWW) 247
11.3 IndustrialWastewater(IWW) 251
11.3.1 EffectofOxicorAnoxicConditionsandHydrogenPrecursor 252
11.3.2 Dyes-containingWastewaters 256
11.3.3 BiodieselProduction-derivedWastewater 258
11.4 PharmaceuticalWastewater(PWW) 261
11.4.1 PharmaceuticalCompounds 261
11.5 Conclusions 265
References 267
12 CatalystsandPhotoreactorsforPhotocatalyticSolar
HydrogenProduction:FundamentalsandRecent
DevelopmentsatPilotScale 275
AlbaR.Aguirre,AlejandroC.Reina,JoséP.Pérez,GerardoColon,and
SixtoMalato
12.1 MaterialsforSolarPhotocatalyticHydrogenProduction 275
12.1.1 GeneralConsiderationsontheH ProductionReaction 275
2
12.1.2 Photoreforming 278
12.2 FactorsthatInfluencePhotocatalystActivity 279
12.2.1 CatalystStructureandMorphology 280
12.2.2 LightIntensity 281
12.2.3 Temperature 282
12.2.4 pH 284
12.3 CurrentPhotoreactorsandPilotPlants 284
12.3.1 PilotSolarPhotoreactorsforPhotocatalyticHydrogenProduction:
CPCs 286
12.3.2 PilotSolarPhotoreactorsforPhotocatalyticHydrogenProduction:Other
Collectors 288
12.4 AdvancesinPhotoreactors 289
12.4.1 SlurryPhotoreactors 289
12.4.2 FixedCatalystPhotoreactors 291
12.5 PhotocatalyticWastewaterTreatmentwithSimultaneousHydrogen
Production 293
12.6 FutureOutlook 296
References 296
Index 305