Philosophy: The Classics

320 Pages·2014·1.45 MB·English

by  Nigel Warburton

Cover Page Page: xvii
Half Title Page Page: xvii
Series Page: xvii
Title Page Page: xvii
Copyright Page Page: xvii
Dedication Page: xvii
Contents Page: xvii
Acknowledgements Page: xvii
Introduction Page: 1
1 Plato The Republic Page: 3
The Cave Page: 5
Plato and Socrates Page: 6
Thrasymachus and Glaucon Page: 7
Individual and State Page: 7
Division of Labour Page: 8
Rulers, Auxiliaries and Workers Page: 8
Role of Women Page: 9
The Myth of the Metals Page: 9
The Just State and the Just Individual Page: 10
The Three Parts of the Soul Page: 11
Philosopher Kings Page: 11
The Theory of Forms Page: 12
Examples of Injustice Page: 13
Against Art Page: 14
Criticisms of the Republic Page: 14
Dates Page: 16
Glossary Page: 17
Further Reading Page: 17
2 Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Page: 18
Eudaimonia: A Happy Life Page: 20
The Function of a Human being Page: 21
The Virtues Page: 22
The Golden Mean Page: 23
Action and Culpability Page: 24
Akrasia: Weakness of will Page: 25
The Contemplative Life Page: 26
Criticisms of the Nicomachean Ethics Page: 26
Dates Page: 29
Glossary Page: 29
Further Reading Page: 30
3 Boethius the Consolation of Philosophy Page: 30
Philosophy Page: 32
Chance and Happiness Page: 32
Evil and Reward Page: 33
God and Free will Page: 33
Criticism of the Consolation of Philosophy Page: 35
Dates Page: 35
Glossary Page: 36
Further Reading Page: 36
4 Niccolò Machiavelli the Prince Page: 36
Human Nature Page: 38
Virtù Page: 38
Cesare Borgia Versus Agathocles Page: 39
Interpretations of the Prince Page: 40
Criticisms of the Prince Page: 42
Dates Page: 43
Glossary Page: 43
Further Reading Page: 43
5 Michel Eyquem de Montaigne Essays Page: 44
Who was Montaigne? Page: 46
Scepticism Page: 47
Stoicism Page: 47
On Death Page: 47
Other Themes Page: 48
Criticism of Montaigne's Essays Page: 49
Dates Page: 49
Glossary Page: 50
Further Reading Page: 50
6 René Descartes Meditations Page: 50
Cartesian Doubt Page: 52
The Evidence of the Senses Page: 52
The Evil Demon Page: 53
The Cogito Page: 54
Cartesian Dualism Page: 55
The Wax Example Page: 55
God Page: 55
Beyond Doubt Page: 57
Criticisms of Meditations Page: 58
Dates Page: 61
Glossary Page: 61
Further Reading Page: 62
7 Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Page: 63
The State of Nature Page: 65
Laws of Nature Page: 66
The Social Contract Page: 66
The Sovereign Page: 67
The Prisoners' Dilemma Page: 68
Criticisms of Leviathan Page: 69
Dates Page: 71
Glossary Page: 71
Further Reading Page: 71
8 Baruch de Spinoza Ethics Page: 73
The Title Page: 75
God and Pantheism Page: 75
Mind and Body Page: 76
Freedom and Human Bondage Page: 76
Love of God Page: 77
Criticisms of Ethics Page: 77
Dates Page: 78
Glossary Page: 79
Further Reading Page: 79
9 John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Page: 79
No Innate Principles Page: 81
Ideas Page: 82
Primary and Secondary Qualities Page: 83
Personal Identity Page: 84
Language Page: 86
Criticisms of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Page: 87
Dates Page: 89
Glossary Page: 89
Further Reading Page: 90
10 John Locke Second Treatise of Government Page: 90
First and Second Treatises Page: 91
The State of Nature and Laws of Nature Page: 92
Property Page: 93
Money Page: 94
Civil Society Page: 95
Rebellion Page: 96
Criticisms of Second Treatise of Government Page: 96
Dates Page: 97
Glossary Page: 97
Further Reading Page: 97
11 David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Page: 97
The Origin of Ideas Page: 100
The Association of Ideas Page: 101
Causation Page: 102
Free will Page: 103
Miracles Page: 104
Hume's Fork Page: 106
Criticisms of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Page: 106
Dates Page: 107
Glossary Page: 107
Further Reading Page: 108
12 David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Page: 108
The Characters Page: 110
The Design Argument Page: 110
Criticisms of the Design Argument Page: 111
The First Cause Argument Page: 114
Was Hume an Atheist? Page: 115
Dates Page: 116
Glossary Page: 116
Further Reading Page: 117
13 Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Page: 117
Social Contract Page: 118
The General will Page: 119
Freedom Page: 120
The Legislator Page: 120
Government Page: 121
Three Types of Government Page: 121
Criticisms of The Social Contract Page: 122
Dates Page: 123
Glossary Page: 123
Further Reading Page: 123
14 Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason Page: 125
The Synthetic a Priori Page: 127
Appearances and the Thing-in-Itself Page: 128
Space/Time Page: 129
The Categories Page: 129
The Transcendental Deduction Page: 130
Criticism of the Critique of Pure Reason Page: 130
Dates Page: 131
Glossary Page: 131
Further Reading Page: 132
15 Immanuel Kant Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals Page: 132
The Good will Page: 133
Duty and Inclination Page: 134
Maxims Page: 135
The Categorical Imperative Page: 135
Kant, Aristotle and Mill Page: 137
Criticisms of The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals Page: 137
Dates Page: 139
Glossary Page: 139
Further Reading Page: 140
16 Thomas Paine Rights of Man Page: 140
Common Sense Page: 142
Rights of Man Page: 143
Criticisms of Rights of Man Page: 145
Dates Page: 146
Glossary Page: 146
Further Reading Page: 146
17 Arthur Schopenhauer The World as will and Idea Page: 147
The World as Idea Page: 148
The World as will Page: 149
Art Page: 149
Music Page: 151
Free will Page: 151
Suffering and Salvation Page: 152
Criticisms of The World as will and Idea Page: 152
Dates Page: 153
Glossary Page: 153
Further Reading Page: 153
18 John Stuart Mill on Liberty Page: 155
Authorship Page: 156
The Harm Principle Page: 157
Freedom of Speech Page: 159
Criticisms of on Liberty Page: 160
Dates Page: 164
Glossary Page: 164
Further Reading Page: 165
19 John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism Page: 166
Bentham's Utilitarianism Page: 167
Mill on Higher and Lower Pleasures Page: 168
The ‘Proof' of Utilitarianism Page: 169
Criticisms of Utilitarianism Page: 170
Dates Page: 172
Glossary Page: 172
Further Reading Page: 173
20 Søren Kierkegaard Either/Or Page: 173
Pseudonymous Authorship Page: 174
Either Page: 175
The Aesthetic Approach to Life Page: 175
Crop Rotation Page: 176
‘The Seducer's Diary' Page: 176
The Ethical Approach to Life Page: 177
Readings of Either/Or Page: 178
Criticisms of Either/Or Page: 180
Dates Page: 181
Glossary Page: 181
Further Reading Page: 181
21 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The German Ideology, Part One Page: 182
Historical Materialism Page: 184
Division of Labour Page: 184
Ideology Page: 185
Revolution Page: 186
Criticisms of The German Ideology Page: 186
Dates Page: 188
Glossary Page: 189
Further Reading Page: 189
22 Friedrich Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil Page: 189
The Title Page: 191
The will to Power Page: 192
On the Prejudices of Philosophers Page: 192
Truth Page: 193
Unconscious Drives Page: 193
Religion Page: 194
Criticisms of Beyond Good and Evil Page: 194
Dates Page: 196
Glossary Page: 196
Further Reading Page: 196
23 Friedrich Nietzsche on the Genealogy of Morality Page: 196
Genealogy Page: 198
First Essay: ‘Good and Evil' and ‘Good and Bad' Page: 198
Ressentiment Page: 199
Second Essay: Conscience Page: 200
Third Essay: Asceticism Page: 201
Criticisms of on the Genealogy of Morality Page: 201
Dates Page: 203
Glossary Page: 204
Further Reading Page: 204
24 Bertrand Russell The Problems of Philosophy Page: 204
The Title Page: 205
What is Philosophy? Page: 206
Appearance and Reality Page: 207
Knowledge by Acquaintance and by Description Page: 208
The a Priori Page: 209
Induction Page: 209
Criticisms of The Problems of Philosophy Page: 210
Dates Page: 211
Glossary Page: 211
Further Reading Page: 212
25 A. J. Ayer Language, Truth and Logic Page: 212
The Verification Principle Page: 213
Strong and Weak Senses of ‘Verifiability' Page: 216
Metaphysics and Poetry Page: 216
Philosophy Page: 217
The Problem of Induction Page: 217
Mathematics Page: 218
Ethics Page: 219
Religion Page: 221
Criticisms of Language, Truth and Logic Page: 221
Dates Page: 223
Glossary Page: 223
Further Reading Page: 224
26 R.G. Collingwood the Principles of Art Page: 224
Who was R.G. Collingwood? Page: 226
The Technical Theory of Art Page: 226
But Doesn't Art Involve Craft? Page: 226
Art So-Called Page: 227
Art Proper Page: 228
Criticisms of Collingwood's Theory of Art Page: 229
Dates Page: 231
Glossary Page: 231
Further Reading Page: 231
27 Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness Page: 232
Phenomenological Approach Page: 233
Being Page: 234
Nothingness Page: 234
Freedom Page: 235
Bad Faith Page: 236
Critique of Freud Page: 238
Shame Page: 239
Love Page: 240
My Death Page: 240
Existential Psychoanalysis Page: 240
Criticisms of Being and Nothingness Page: 241
Dates Page: 242
Glossary Page: 242
Further Reading Page: 243
28 Jean-Paul Sartre Existentialism and Humanism Page: 244
What is Existentialism? Page: 245
What is Humanism? Page: 246
Answering his Critics Page: 247
Abandonment Page: 247
Anguish Page: 248
Despair Page: 249
Sartre's Pupil Page: 250
Criticisms of Existentialism and Humanism Page: 251
Dates Page: 253
Glossary Page: 253
Further Reading Page: 253
29 Karl Popper The Open Society and its Enemies Page: 254
What did Popper Mean by an Open Society? Page: 256
Plato's Totalitarian Tendencies Page: 256
Hegel's Historicism Page: 257
Marx Page: 258
Criticism of The Open Society and its Enemies Page: 258
Dates Page: 258
Glossary Page: 259
Further Reading Page: 259
30 Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical Investigations Page: 259
Relation to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Page: 260
The Nature of Philosophy Page: 261
Meaning as use Page: 261
Family Resemblance Terms Page: 263
The Private Language Argument Page: 263
Seeing Aspects Page: 265
Criticisms of Philosophical Investigations Page: 266
Dates Page: 267
Glossary Page: 267
Further Reading Page: 267
31 Thomas Kuhn the Structure of Scientific Revolutions Page: 267
What Kuhn was Arguing Against Page: 270
Normal Science and Revolutions Page: 270
Paradigm Shifts Transform what can be Observed Page: 272
Criticisms of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Page: 273
Dates Page: 274
Glossary Page: 274
Further Reading Page: 274
32 John Rawls a Theory of Justice Page: 276
The Original Position Page: 277
The Liberty Principle Page: 278
The Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle and the Difference Principle Page: 279
Criticisms of a Theory of Justice Page: 280
Dates Page: 282
Glossary Page: 282
Further Reading Page: 282
Index (including key concepts) Page: 285