Table Of ContentStudies in Applied Philosophy,
Epistemology and Rational Ethics
Vincent C. Müller Editor
Philosophy
and Theory
of Artificial
Intelligence
2021
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology
and Rational Ethics
Volume 63
Editor-in-Chief
LorenzoMagnani,DepartmentofHumanities,PhilosophySection,Universityof
Pavia,Pavia,Italy
EditorialBoard
AtochaAliseda,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico(UNAM),Mexico,
Mexico
GiuseppeLongo,CNRS-EcoleNormaleSupérieure,CentreCavailles,Paris,
France
ChrisSinha,SchoolofForeignLanguages,HunanUniversity,Changsha,China
PaulThagard,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Canada
JohnWoods,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,Canada
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics (SAPERE)
publishes new developments and advances in all the fields of philosophy,
epistemology, and ethics, bringing them together with a cluster of scientific
disciplines and technological outcomes: ranging from computer science to life
sciences, from economics, law, and education to engineering, logic, and mathe-
matics,frommedicinetophysics,humansciences,andpolitics.Theseriesaimsat
covering all the challenging philosophical and ethical themes of contemporary
society, making them appropriately applicable to contemporary theoretical and
practical problems, impasses, controversies, and conflicts. Our scientific and
technological era has offered “new” topics to all areas of philosophy and ethics–
forinstanceconcerningscientificrationality,creativity,humanandartificialintelli-
gence, social and folk epistemology, ordinary reasoning, cognitive niches and
culturalevolution,ecologicalcrisis,ecologicallysituatedrationality,consciousness,
freedom and responsibility, human identity and uniqueness, cooperation, altruism,
intersubjectivityandempathy,spirituality,violence.Theimpactofsuchtopicshas
been mainly undermined by contemporary cultural settings, whereas they should
increasethedemandofinterdisciplinaryappliedknowledgeandfreshandoriginal
understanding. In turn, traditional philosophical and ethical themes have been
profoundly affected and transformed as well: they should be further examined as
embeddedandappliedwithintheirscientificandtechnologicalenvironmentssoto
update their received and often old-fashioned disciplinary treatment and appeal.
Applying philosophy individuates therefore a new research commitment for the
21st century, focused on the main problems of recent methodological, logical,
epistemological, and cognitive aspects of modeling activities employed both in
intellectualandscientificdiscovery,andintechnologicalinnovation,includingthe
computational tools intertwined with such practices, to understand them in a wide
and integrated perspective. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and
RationalEthicsmeanstodemonstratethecontemporarypracticalrelevanceofthis
novel philosophical approach and thus to provide a home for monographs, lecture
notes,selectedcontributionsfromspecializedconferencesandworkshopsaswellas
selectedPh.D.theses.Theserieswelcomescontributionsfromphilosophersaswell
as fromscientists,engineers, and intellectuals interested inshowing how applying
philosophycanincreaseknowledgeaboutourcurrentworld.Initialproposalscanbe
senttotheEditor-in-Chief,Prof.LorenzoMagnani,[email protected]:
(cid:129)
Ashortsynopsisoftheworkortheintroductionchapter
(cid:129)
TheproposedTableofContents
(cid:129)
TheCVoftheleadauthor(s).
Formoreinformation,[email protected].
IndexedbySCOPUS,zbMATH,SCImago,DBLP.
AllbookspublishedintheseriesaresubmittedforconsiderationinWebofScience.
Vincent C. Müller
Editor
Philosophy and Theory
of Artificial Intelligence 2021
Editor
VincentC.Müller
Friedrich-AlexanderUniversity
ofErlangen-Nuremberg(FAU)
Erlangen,Germany
ISSN 2192-6255 ISSN 2192-6263 (electronic)
StudiesinAppliedPhilosophy,EpistemologyandRationalEthics
ISBN 978-3-031-09152-0 ISBN 978-3-031-09153-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09153-7
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
SwitzerlandAG2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether
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ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and
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ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
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Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
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Dedicatedtothememoryofourcolleague
andfriend
IvicaCrnkovic
(1955–2022)
Advisory Editors
AkinoriAbe,FacultyofLetters,ChibaUniversity,Chiba,Japan
HanneAndersen,CentreforScienceStudies,AarhusUniversity,Aarhus,Denmark
OtávioBueno,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofMiami,CoralGables,FL,
USA
MarceloDascal,DeptofPhilosophy,GilmanBuildin,TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,
Israel
Gordana Dodig Crnkovic, Dep. of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers
UniversityofTechnology,Gothenburg,Sweden
Michel Ghins,Inst Supérieur de Philosophie, L3.06.01, Université Catholique de
Louvain,Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium
MarcelloGuarini,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniveristyofWindsor,Windsor,ON,
Canada
Ricardo Gudwin,Computer Eng. and Industrial Automation, State University of
Campinas,Campinas,Brazil
Albrecht Heeffer, Sarton Ctr for the History of Science, Ghent University, Gent,
Belgium
Gerhard Minnameier, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Hessen,
Germany
MargaretC.Morrison,TrinityCollege,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
YukioOhsawa,SchoolofEngineering,TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan
SamiPaavola,FacultyofEducationalSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,HELSINKI,
Finland
WoosukPark,HumanitiesandSocialSciences,KAIST,Daejeon,Korea(Republic
of)
Luís Moniz Pereira, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de
Lisboa,CAPARICA,Portugal
Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen, Dept. of Philosophy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
Demetris Portides, Dept of Classics & Philosophy, University of Cyprus, Nicosia,
Cyprus
AthanassiosRaftopoulos,Psychology,UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
vii
viii AdvisoryEditors
GerhardSchurz,DeptofPhilosophy,DCLPS,HeinrichHeineUniversity,Düsseldorf,
Nordrhein-Westfalen,Germany
CameronShelley,CentreforSociety,Technology&Values,UniversityofWaterloo,
Waterloo,ON,Canada
FrederikStjernfelt,CenterforSemiotics,UniversityofAarhus,AarhusC,Denmark
MauricioSuárez,LogicandPhilosophyofScience,ComplutenseUniversity,Madrid,
Spain
JeroenvandenHoven,FacofTechnology,Policy&Management,DelftUniversity
ofTechnology,Delft,Zuid-Holland,TheNetherlands
Peter-Paul Verbeek, Department of Philosophy, University of Twente, Enschede,
Overijssel,TheNetherlands
MireilleHildebrandt,ErasmusMC,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands
MichaelH.G.Hoffmann,SchoolofPublicPolicy,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,
Atlanta,GA,USA
Alfredo Pereira, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
Brazil
DagmarProvijn,CentreforLogicandPhilosophy,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
Joao Queiroz, Institute of Arts and Design, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora,
JuizdeFora,Brazil
ColinTSchmidt,EnsamParisTech&LeMansUniversity,Laval,France
NoraSchwartz, Department of Humanities, Universidad de Buenos Aires,Buenos
Aires,Argentina
MarionVorms,Pantheon-SorbonneUniversity,Paris,France
Riccardo Viale, Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano-
Bicocca,Milan,Italy
Preface
The papers in this volume result from the 4th conference on the ‘Philosophy and
TheoryofArtificialIntelligence’(PT–AI)thatweorganisedinGothenburgon27–
28 September, 2021 (see http://www.pt-ai.org/). The local organisation was taken
care of by Profs. Ivica Crnkovic and Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic, with support from
ChalmersUniversityinGothenburg.
Thisconferencehadbeenplannedforamuchearlierdate,butseveralthingsgotin
theway,mostofalltheCOVIDpandemic.Eventually,wedecidedthatinsomewayor
otherweshouldrunPT-AIin2021,andformostpeople,thiswasthefirstconference
where actual physical presence was possible again, though with significant safety
measures. It was the first PT-AI conference that was run in a hybrid online/onsite
fashion (earlier conferences had already allowed online live listening to keynote
talks). As a result of all this, the conference was a bit smaller than usual, with 60
submissions,ofwhich25werepresentedatthemeeting.Mythankstothecolleagues
ontheprogrammecommitteewhoworkedhardonthedouble-blindreviewingand
assured a very high academic level! The inspiring invited speakers were Virginia
Dignum(Umeå,Sweden),MichaelLevin(Tufts,USA),DavidPapineau(KCL,UK),
andShannonVallor(Edinburgh,UK).
It was very good to see many new faces coming to the field, as well as some
establishedphilosophersfromotherareasshowinganinterestinthephilosophyof
AI—which is clearly moving into the mainstream now. The new people and the
influencesfrommanydifferentdirectionsareclearlyenrichingthefieldandIexpect
thistocontinue.
I have to end on a bitter note: In February 2022, our co-organiser Ivica died
suddenly.Itisextremelysadtoseesucharichlifecutshort,andmanypeopleleft
behindwithahugegapintheirlives—firstofall,hiswifeandhischildren.Atthe
sametime,IamalsogratefulthatIhadthechancetoknowIvicaandlearnfromhim,
academicallyandasahumanbeing.
Eindhoven,TheNetherlands VincentC.Müller
April2022 http://www.sophia.de/
ix
Contents
Theory
CognitiveArchitecturesBasedonNaturalInfo-Computation .......... 3
GordanaDodig-Crnkovic
Artificial Intelligence Systems, Responsibility and Agential
Self-Awareness .................................................... 15
LydiaFarina
Models,Algorithms,andtheSubjectsofTransparency ................ 27
HajoGreif
AutonomyofAttention ............................................. 39
KaisaKärki
TowardOut-of-DistributionGeneralizationThroughInductive
Biases ............................................................ 57
CaterinaMoruzzi
Is There a Trade-Off Between Human Autonomy
andthe‘Autonomy’ofAISystems? ................................. 67
CarinaPrunkl
TowardsaTaxonomyfortheOpacityofAISystems .................. 73
AlessandroFacchiniandAlbertoTermine
ValidatingNon-trivialSemanticPropertiesofAutonomousRobots ..... 91
JiˇríWiedermannandJanvanLeeuwen
Ethics
DignityinDigitalEthics ............................................ 107
MarcelBecker
xi
