Philosopher, Practitioner, Politician: the Many Lives of Fazang (643-712) (Sinica Leidensia)

561 Pages·2007·6.58 MB·English

by  Chen, J.

Philosopher, Practitioner, Politician:
The Many Lives of Fazang (643-712)
SINL-75-chen_CS2.indd i 28-3-2007 9:07:18
Sinica Leidensia
Edited by
Barend J. ter Haar
In co-operation with
P.K. Bol, W.L. Idema, D.R. Knechtges, E.S.Rawski,
E. Zürcher, H.T. Zurndorfer
VOLUME 75
SINL-75-chen_CS2.indd ii 28-3-2007 9:07:18
Philosopher, Practitioner, Politician:
The Many Lives of Fazang
(643-712)
By
Jinhua Chen
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2007
SINL-75-chen_CS2.indd iii 28-3-2007 9:07:18
th
On the cover: Portrait of Fazang (643-712), 13 century. Hanging scroll, color on silk; 152 cm x
81.4 cm. TÙdaiji, Nara, Japan. Reproduced by courtesy of TÙdaiji and Asahi Shimbun.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ISSN: 0169-9563
ISBN: 978 90 04 15613 5
Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints BRILL, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands
SINL-75-chen_CS2.indd iv 28-3-2007 9:07:19
IN MEMORY OF
ANTONINO FORTE
08.06.1940–07.22.2006
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
CONTENTS
List of Figures, Tables, and Charts..................…................................. xii
Preface.....................................................………....................... xiii
Conventions....…….......................................………....................... xvii
Introduction................….....…….................................................. 1
Part One A Biographical Reconstruction..........…........................ 13
Chapter One Primary Sources and Secondary Studies.................. 15
1 Epigraphic Sources...............................…......…........... 16
2 Textual Sources............................…......….................. 18
2.1 Writings from the Late-Seventh to Ninth Century…...... 18
2.2 Writings from the Tenth to Eighteenth Century............ 27
3 Modern Studies: Contributions and Limitations.................... 33
4 Concluding Remarks: The Nature and Structure of the Primary
Primary Sources, and the Problems of Modern Studies............ 36
Chapter Two Ch’oe Ch’iwǃn’s Biography of Fazang: A Textual Study.... 41
1 Format and Contents....................................….......................….. 43
1.1 Ten Biographical Categories Correlated with Ten
States of Mind..........................................................……...............45
1.2 Ch’oe Ch’iwǃn’s Logic in Creating the Ten Categories...... 51
2 Sources of Pǃpjang Hwasang Chǃn...........................…............... 52
3 Values and Limitations.................................................…............. 56
4 Concluding Remarks.....................…..............................................63
Chapter Three Fazang’s Basic Biographical Data:
Names, Native Land, Familial and Dharma Backgrounds.....…......... 65
1 Names......................................…….............................................. 65
2 Places of Origin and Birth..............…........................................... 68
3 Family Background............................…....................................... 72
3.1 Ch’oe Ch’iwǃn’s Record............…..................................... 72
3.2 Fazang’s Parents........................…...................................... 73
3.3 Fazang’s Wife?...........................…..................................... 77
3.4 Three More Epitaphs Containing the Name of Fazang....... 80
4 “Dharma Family”...........................……....................................... 80
4.1 Teacher and Mentors...............…......................................... 81
4.2 Fellow-disciples.......................…........................................ 83
4.3 Disciples.................................……...................................... 85
5 Concluding Remarks.....................…............................................ 89
Chapter Four The Eminent Monk Who Wasn’t?: Stories about
Fazang’s Full Ordination....................……......................................... 91
viii CONTENTS
1 From Yan Chaoyin to Zuxiu: Why Fazang’s Ordination
Became an Issue……………………………………………..….. 91
1.1 Evidence from Yan Chaoyin and Ch’oe Ch’iwǃn..….…… 91
1.2 Later Sources on Fazang’s Full Ordination………….…… 94
2 The Fictional Nature of the “Ordination Episode”……………… 95
2.1 An Earlier Source Deriving from Fazang’s Direct
Disciples………………………………….………………….….. 96
2.2 Formation of the Ordination Episode………...………...…. 99
3 Fazang and ĞƘkyamitra: Further Evidence……………….……. 102
3.1 A Story in Pǃpjang Hwasang Chǃn……………………. 102
3.2 Other Relevant Sources…………………………….…… 103
3.3 Sources and Development of the Legend of Fazang’s
Bodhisattva-Precepts…….…………………………………….. 111
4 Concluding Remarks………………………………………….. 116
Chapter Five A Man of Many Faces: Fazang’s Life
Reconstructed, I……………………………………………………. 119
1 Becoming a Buddhist Monk: 643-670…………..…………….. 119
1.1 A Young Recluse at Mount Zhongnan………….………. 119
1.2 Discipleship under Zhiyan………………………………. 121
1.3 Entry into Taiyuansi………………………….………….. 125
2 Emergence of a Buddhist Master: 670-690…….….………….. 127
2.1 Returning to Mount Zhongnan………………..….……… 127
2.2 A Cosmopolitan Priest in Chang’an…………………….. 129
2.3 Going to Luoyang………………………………….……. 131
3 Fazang under Empress Wu’s Reign up to 699……………..…. 132
3.1 Exile……………………………………………….…….. 133
3.2 Fighting the Khitan……………………………………… 136
3.3 An AvataԲsaka Preacher……………………….….…… 143
Chapter Six A Man of Many Faces: Fazang’s Life
Reconstructed, II……………………………………..……………. 145
1 Fazang under the Last Five Years of Empress Wu’s
Reign (700-705)……………………………………………….. 145
1.1 Qingchansi………………………………….…………… 145
1.2 Famensi………………………………………….………. 149
1.3 The Court Coup in 705…………………………………. 152
2 Under the Reign of Zhongzong: 705-710……………………… 153
2.1 Reward and Recognition……………………………….... 154
2.2 Famensi Again…………………………….….….……… 158
2.3 Fazang and Jianzhen?……………………………………. 159
2.4 Drought-battling in 708 and 709………….….…..……. 163
3 Under the Reign of Ruizong: 710-712………..………………. 164
3.1 Drought-battling Again………………………….………. 164
3.2 Establishment of a National Huayansi Network……..…. 165
CONTENTS ix
3.3 Death…………………………………….…….………… 168
4 Concluding Remarks…………………….……….……………. 171
Part Two: Thematic and Hagiographical Studies……...……………. 173
Chapter Seven Fazang the Philosopher………….……………..…… 175
1 Legends Regarding the Composition of the “Treatise on the
Golden Lion”………………………………....……….….……. 176
1.1 The Early Sources…………………………….….……… 177
1.2 Further Evidence for Dating……………………..……... 180
2 The Mirror Hall…………………………………..……………. 183
2.1 Buddhist Sources……………………………………. 183
2.2 Secular Sources…………………………...…..………… 187
2.3…Impact………………………………….…………...…… 193
3 Concluding Remarks……………………………..….………… 196
Chapter Eight Fazang the Technical Innovator………….………… 199
1 A Great Secret Wrapped in a Small Package……….…………. 199
2 The Provenance of the Printed DhƘraΧư Text: Korea or China?... 203
3 The Promise of Health and Long Life in the DhƘraΧư Text….. 205
4 Empress Wu and Daoist Immortality…………..…..………… 207
5 Fazang’s Role in Printing and Spreading Wugou Jingguang
Da Tuoluoni Jing………………………………………………. 210
6 Fazang’s Knowledge of Mulberry Paper…………………...….. 213
7 Concluding Remarks…………………………….…………..… 216
Chapter Nine Fazang the Translator…………………….…….…….. 217
1 Collaboration with DivƘkara and Devendraprajña……….….… 218
1.1 Fazang and DivƘkara………………………………….…. 218
1.2 Fazang and Devendraprajña………………………….….. 221
2 Collaboration with ĞikԕƘnanda and Mitrasena……………..….. 225
2.1 Fazang and ĞikԕƘnanda……………………………..…… 225
2.2 Fazang and Mitrasena…………………………………… 226
3 Collaboration with Yijing and Bodhiruci………………….... 228
3.1 Fazang and Yijing…………………………………….…. 228
3.2 Fazang and Bodhiruci…………………………………… 232
3.3 Fazang’s Relationship with Yijing and Bodhiruci in
Terms of His Ties with Chongfusi and Jianfusi……….………. 234
4 Concluding Remarks……………………..………………..…. 238
Chapter Ten Fazang the Court Politician………………………...…. 241
1 Fazang and Empress Wu: 670-690…………………………….. 241
1.1 The Beginning of the Relationship…………….……….. 241
1.2 The 689 AvataԲsaka Dharma-Assembly………...……. 244
2 Fazang and Empress Wu: 690-705……………………….……. 252
2.1 The New Translation of the AvataΥsaka SǍtra…..…… 252
2.2 Fazang and Empress Wu: Non-AvataԲsaka Elements... 255
3 Fazang’s Role in the Transition of Power: 700-705……….….. 256