Table Of Content

Philosophen der Antike aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie zusammengestellt von Norbert Schultheis 1 Die Schule von Athen...........................................................................9 Das Gemälde.................................................................................................................... 9 Die häufigsten Zuordnungen der Figuren zu Personen der Geschichte:.......................................9 Sokrates...............................................................................................11 Zur Person........................................................................................................................11 Mittelpunkt einer geistesgeschichtlichen Wende..........................................................................11 Lebensweg des Philosophen........................................................................................................12 Grundzüge Sokratischer Philosophie...........................................................................................17 Nachwirkung.................................................................................................................................21 Zeitübersicht.................................................................................................................................23 Mit Sokrates verbundene Begriffe.....................................................................................24 Sokratische Methode....................................................................................................................24 Sokratisches Gespräch.................................................................................................................26 Mäeutik.........................................................................................................................................26 Sokratische Wende.......................................................................................................................28 Sokratischer Dämon.....................................................................................................................29 Bedeutende Sokratiker.....................................................................................................29 Xenophon......................................................................................................................................29 Aischines.......................................................................................................................................33 Platon...................................................................................................35 Zur Person........................................................................................................................35 Leben............................................................................................................................................35 Platons Philosophie......................................................................................................................35 Wirkungsgeschichte......................................................................................................................40 Rezeption......................................................................................................................................41 Mit Platon verbundene Begriffe.........................................................................................41 Ideenlehre.....................................................................................................................................41 Sonnengleichnis...........................................................................................................................42 Liniengleichnis..............................................................................................................................42 Höhlengleichnis.............................................................................................................................44 Philosophenherrschaft..................................................................................................................46 Platonischer Dialog.......................................................................................................................46 Platonischer Mythos.....................................................................................................................48 Anamnesis....................................................................................................................................49 Kugelmenschen bei Platon...........................................................................................................49 Platonische Akademie..................................................................................................................49 Platons ungeschriebene Lehre.....................................................................................................53 Platonismus..................................................................................................................................55 Mittelplatonismus..........................................................................................................................57 Neuplatonismus............................................................................................................................58 Frühdialoge (399 v. Chr. bis ca. 380 v. Chr.)....................................................................60 Apologie des Sokrates..................................................................................................................61 Charmides.....................................................................................................................................63 Kriton.............................................................................................................................................63 Euthydemus..................................................................................................................................65 Euthyphron....................................................................................................................................65 Alkibiades I....................................................................................................................................66 Gorgias.........................................................................................................................................66 Hippias Maior................................................................................................................................67 2 Hippias Minor................................................................................................................................67 Ion.................................................................................................................................................67 Laches..........................................................................................................................................68 Lysis..............................................................................................................................................69 Protagoras....................................................................................................................................70 Mittlere Dialoge (ca. 380 v.Chr. bis 360 v. Chr.)...............................................................71 Kratylos.........................................................................................................................................71 Menexenos...................................................................................................................................72 Menon...........................................................................................................................................72 Phaidon.........................................................................................................................................73 Politeia..........................................................................................................................................75 Das Gastmahl...............................................................................................................................79 Spätdialoge (nach 360 v. Chr.).........................................................................................80 Parmenides...................................................................................................................................80 Theaitetos.....................................................................................................................................80 Phaidros........................................................................................................................................81 Sophistes......................................................................................................................................82 Politikos.........................................................................................................................................82 Philebos........................................................................................................................................83 Timaios.........................................................................................................................................84 Kritias..........................................................................................................................................106 Nomoi..........................................................................................................................................113 Bedeutende Platoniker...................................................................................................113 Speusippos.................................................................................................................................113 Xenokrates..................................................................................................................................114 Polemon von Athen....................................................................................................................115 Arkesilaos...................................................................................................................................115 Karneades...................................................................................................................................116 Philon von Larissa......................................................................................................................118 Bedeutende Neuplatoniker.............................................................................................119 Plutarch.......................................................................................................................................119 Celsus.........................................................................................................................................128 Ammonios Sakkas......................................................................................................................129 Plotin...........................................................................................................................................129 Porphyrios...................................................................................................................................131 Iamblichos von Chalkis...............................................................................................................133 Martianus Mineus Felix Capella..................................................................................................134 Proklos........................................................................................................................................135 Simplikios....................................................................................................................................136 Aristoteles.........................................................................................137 Zur Person......................................................................................................................137 Überblick und Einführung...........................................................................................................137 Leben..........................................................................................................................................139 Werk............................................................................................................................................141 Sprache, Logik und Wissen........................................................................................................142 Nachwirkung der Philosophie des Aristoteles............................................................................172 Mit Aristoteles verbundene Begriffe................................................................................176 Peripatos.....................................................................................................................................176 Corpus Aristotelicum...................................................................................................................177 Erste Philosophie........................................................................................................................179 Metaphysica (Metaphysik des Aristoteles).................................................................................179 Physica (Physik des Aristoteles).................................................................................................182 3 Ethik des Aristoteles...................................................................................................................185 Ethica Nicomachea (Nikomachische Ethik)................................................................................186 Ethica Eudemia (Eudemische Ethik)..........................................................................................188 De Arte Poetica (Poetik des Aristoteles)....................................................................................189 De Arte Rhetorica (Rhetorik des Aristoteles)..............................................................................193 Organon......................................................................................................................................195 De Anima....................................................................................................................................196 Politica (Politik des Aristoteles)..................................................................................................197 Bedeutende Vertreter der Peripatos...............................................................................199 Theophrastos von Eresos...........................................................................................................199 Aristoxenos.................................................................................................................................201 Aristarchos von Samos...............................................................................................................204 Straton von Lampsakos..............................................................................................................206 Epikureer...........................................................................................208 Epikureismus..................................................................................................................208 Epikureismus und Epikur............................................................................................................208 Wirkungsgeschichte....................................................................................................................208 Begründer des Epikureismus: Epikur..............................................................................209 Biographie...................................................................................................................................209 Epikurs Lehre..............................................................................................................................211 Ethik............................................................................................................................................212 Wirkungsgeschichte....................................................................................................................217 Verfemung Epikurs im Mittelalter und sein Einfluss auf Denker der Neuzeit.............................217 Bedeutende Vertreter des Epikureismus........................................................................218 Philodemos von Gadara.............................................................................................................218 Lukrez.........................................................................................................................................218 Kyrenaiker.........................................................................................222 Hedonismus...................................................................................................................222 Philosophischer Hedonismus.....................................................................................................222 Vertreter......................................................................................................................................223 Begründer des Hedonismis: Aristippos von Kyrene........................................................223 Leben..........................................................................................................................................223 Werk............................................................................................................................................224 Rezeption....................................................................................................................................224 Bedeutende Kyrenaiker..................................................................................................225 Theodorus von Kyrene...............................................................................................................225 Arete von Kyrene........................................................................................................................225 Aristippos der Jüngere................................................................................................................226 Hegesias.....................................................................................................................................226 Euhemeros..................................................................................................................................226 Stoiker................................................................................................228 Chronologischer Überblick..............................................................................................228 Stoa................................................................................................................................228 Entstehungszusammenhang der stoischen Philosophie............................................................228 Kernaspekte der Lehre...............................................................................................................229 4 Kontinuität und Wandel in der Römischen Antike......................................................................231 Fortwirken der Stoa jenseits der Antike......................................................................................234 Begründer der Stoa: Zenon von Kition............................................................................235 Bedeutende Vertreter der älteren Stoa...........................................................................235 Kleanthes....................................................................................................................................236 Ariston von Chios........................................................................................................................237 Chrysippos von Soli....................................................................................................................237 Zenon von Tarsos.......................................................................................................................238 Diogenes von Babylon................................................................................................................238 Antipatros von Tarsos.................................................................................................................239 Bedeutende Vertreter der mittleren Stoa........................................................................239 Panaitios.....................................................................................................................................239 Poseidonios................................................................................................................................240 Bedeutende Vertreter der jüngeren Stoa........................................................................241 Seneca........................................................................................................................................241 Gaius Musonius Rufus................................................................................................................263 Epiktet.........................................................................................................................................263 Mark Aurel...................................................................................................................................265 Kyniker...............................................................................................276 Kynismus........................................................................................................................276 Geschichte der Kyniker...............................................................................................................276 Diogenes von Sinope (ca. 400 – 325 v.Chr.)..............................................................................278 Lehren und Inhalte des Kynismus..............................................................................................280 Kynismus und Stoa.....................................................................................................................282 Vom Kynismus zum Zynismus....................................................................................................283 Zynismus........................................................................................................................284 Formen des Zynismus................................................................................................................285 Begründer des Kynismus: Antisthenes...........................................................................285 Biografie......................................................................................................................................285 Philosophie.................................................................................................................................286 Bedeutende Vertreter des Kynismus..............................................................................287 Diogenes von Sinope..................................................................................................................287 Krates von Theben.....................................................................................................................288 Hipparchia...................................................................................................................................289 Metrokles....................................................................................................................................290 Megariker...........................................................................................291 Begründer der megarischen Schule: Euklid von Megara................................................291 Bedeutende Vertreter der megarischen Schule..............................................................291 Eubulides....................................................................................................................................291 Diodoros Kronos.........................................................................................................................292 Philon von Megara......................................................................................................................292 Stilpon.........................................................................................................................................293 Skeptiker............................................................................................294 5 Skeptizismus..................................................................................................................294 Begründer des Skeptizismus: Pyrrhon von Elis..............................................................294 Leben und Werk.........................................................................................................................294 Bedeutende Skeptiker....................................................................................................295 Timon von Phleius......................................................................................................................295 Ainesidemos...............................................................................................................................296 Claudius Ptolemäus....................................................................................................................296 Alexandriner......................................................................................300 Alexandrinische Schule..................................................................................................300 Geschichte..................................................................................................................................300 Philosophie.................................................................................................................................302 Theologie....................................................................................................................................303 Philosophen (alphabetisch)........................................................................................................304 Theologen (alphabetisch)...........................................................................................................305 Typische Alexandriner ohne sonstige Zuordnung...........................................................305 Philon von Alexandria.................................................................................................................305 Clemens von Alexandria.............................................................................................................309 Origenes.....................................................................................................................................310 Sonstige antiken Philosophen.........................................................322 Apollonius Molon............................................................................................................322 Zitate...........................................................................................................................................322 Marcus Tullius Cicero.....................................................................................................323 Leben..........................................................................................................................................323 Werke..........................................................................................................................................328 Wirkung.......................................................................................................................................334 Eklektizismus..............................................................................................................................336 Vorsokratiker.....................................................................................337 Die vorsokratischen Philosophen....................................................................................337 Die Sieben Weisen.....................................................................................................................337 Die drei Milesier (Ionische Philosophie).....................................................................................338 Die Pythagoräer..........................................................................................................................338 Heraklit und die Eleaten..............................................................................................................338 Die Atomisten..............................................................................................................................338 Die Sophisten..............................................................................................................................339 Ferner.........................................................................................................................................339 Ionische Naturphilosophen.............................................................................................339 Thales.........................................................................................................................................339 Anaximander...............................................................................................................................342 Anaximenes................................................................................................................................345 Eleaten...........................................................................................................................345 Xenophanes................................................................................................................................346 Parmenides.................................................................................................................................347 Zenon von Elea...........................................................................................................................348 Melissos......................................................................................................................................348 6 Naturphilosophen des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.................................................................349 Heraklit........................................................................................................................................349 Anaxagoras.................................................................................................................................352 Empedokles................................................................................................................................354 Archelaos....................................................................................................................................357 Pythagoreer....................................................................................................................358 Pythagoreer der Antike...............................................................................................................358 Moderne Pythagoreer.................................................................................................................359 Pythagoras von Samos...............................................................................................................359 Alkmaion.....................................................................................................................................362 Archytas von Tarent....................................................................................................................362 Hippasos von Metapont..............................................................................................................366 Atomisten.......................................................................................................................368 Antikes Konzept des Atomismus................................................................................................368 Leukipp.......................................................................................................................................369 Demokrit......................................................................................................................................369 Anaxarch.....................................................................................................................................371 Sophisten.......................................................................................................................372 Sophistik.....................................................................................................................................374 Protagoras..................................................................................................................................375 Antiphon......................................................................................................................................376 Gorgias.......................................................................................................................................377 Prodikos......................................................................................................................................379 Hippias von Elis..........................................................................................................................379 Thrasymachos............................................................................................................................380 Isokrates.....................................................................................................................................380 Erungenschaften der Antike ............................................................382 Archimedisches Prinzip..................................................................................................382 Erklärung des Phänomens.........................................................................................................382 Die Entdeckung des Archimedischen Prinzips...........................................................................384 Physikalische Herleitung.............................................................................................................385 Hebelgesetz...................................................................................................................386 Wozu braucht man Hebel?.........................................................................................................387 Anwendung des Hebelprinzips...................................................................................................388 Goldener Schnitt.............................................................................................................388 Definitionen und Grundeigenschaften........................................................................................388 Geometrisches............................................................................................................................390 Historisches................................................................................................................................393 Architektur...................................................................................................................................395 Kunst...........................................................................................................................................396 Musik...........................................................................................................................................397 Biologie.......................................................................................................................................398 Astronomie..................................................................................................................................400 Physik.........................................................................................................................................401 Mathematische Eigenschaften....................................................................................................401 Informatik....................................................................................................................................404 Vier-Elemente-Lehre......................................................................................................405 Griechische Philosophen............................................................................................................405 Alchemie.....................................................................................................................................406 Heutige Bedeutung.....................................................................................................................407 Verwandte Konzepte..................................................................................................................408 7 Sieben Freie Künste.......................................................................................................408 Umfang und Gliederung..............................................................................................................408 Geschichte..................................................................................................................................409 Liberal Arts in den USA..............................................................................................................411 Attische Demokratie.......................................................................................................412 Entwicklungsgeschichte..............................................................................................................413 Funktionsweisen der entwickelten Attischen Demokratie..........................................................419 Krisen der Demokratie im Verlauf des großen Peloponnesischen Krieges...............................422 Fortbestehen und Wandel im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr..................................................................423 Kritische Würdigung der Attischen Demokratie..........................................................................424 Klassische Probleme der antiken Mathematik................................427 Quadratur des Kreises....................................................................................................427 Problemstellung..........................................................................................................................427 Geschichte..................................................................................................................................428 Näherungskonstruktionen...........................................................................................................430 Das Problem als Metapher.........................................................................................................431 Dreiteilung des Winkels..................................................................................................431 Verallgemeinerung......................................................................................................................431 Würfelverdoppelung.......................................................................................................432 Zenonische Paradoxien..................................................................................................432 Teilungsparadoxon.....................................................................................................................432 Pfeil-Paradoxon..........................................................................................................................433 Paradoxon von Achilles und der Schildkröte..............................................................................433 Stadion-Paradoxon.....................................................................................................................434 Paradoxon vom Fuder Hirse.......................................................................................................435 8 Die Schule von Athen Die Schule von Athen ist ein Fresco des Malers Raf- fael, das dieser von 1510 bis 1511 in der Stanza della Segnatura des Vatikans (ursprünglich die Bibliothek in den Privaträumen des Papstes) für den Papst Julius II. anfertigte. Das Bild ist Teil eines Zyklus, der neben "der Schule von Athen", den "Parnass", die "Disputa" (Erläuterung des Altarssakraments) und die "Kardinals- und Gottestugenden und das Gesetz" darstellt. Der Titel des Bilds ver- weist auf die herausragende philosophische Denkschule des antiken Griechenlands, verkörpert von ihren Vorläufern, Hauptvertretern und Nachfolgern. Im Zentrum ste- hen die Philosophen Platon und Aristoteles. Das Fresco verherrlicht im Sinne der Renaissance das antike Denken als Ursprung der europäischen Kultur, ihrer Philo- sophie und Wissenschaften. Das Gemälde Das Bild zeigt einen zentralperspektivisch konstruierten, monumentalen Innenraum, in dem eine Versammlung maßgeblicher Wissenschaftler und Philosophen von der Antike bis zur Renaissance stattfindet. Links gruppieren sich die platonisch, rechts die aristotelisch orientierten Geistesgrößen. Im Hintergrund befinden sich die philo- sophischen Vertreter, im Vordergrund die Wissenschaftler, Mathematiker und Künst- ler. Die häufigsten Zuordnungen der Figuren zu Personen der Geschichte: 1) Zenon von Kition (Begründer der Stoischen Schule) 2) Epikur (Begründer der Epikureischen Schule) 3) Federico II. Gonzaga (Herzog von Mantua) 4) Zuordnung nicht eindeutig: entweder Boëthius, Anaximander oder Empedo- kles 9 5) Averroes (arabischer Philosoph und Theologe) 6) Pythagoras (Mathematiker) 7) Alkibiades (Politiker und Feldherr aus Athen) 8) unklar 9) Hypatia oder Francesco Maria I. della Rovere 10) Xenophon (Historiker und Biograph von Sokrates) 11) Parmenides von Elea (Philosoph, Begründer der Eleatischen Schule) 12) Sokrates (Philosoph und Lehrer von Platon) 13) Heraklit (Philosoph, verkörpert durch Michelangelo) 14) Platon mit der Schrift Timaios (Philosoph, verkörpert durch Leonardo da Vinci) 15) Aristoteles mit der Schrift Nikomachische Ethik (Philosoph und Schüler von Platon) 16) Diogenes (Philosoph und Kyniker) 17) Plotin (Philosoph) 18) Euklid (Mathematiker, verkörpert durch Bramante) 19) Zarathustra (persischer Religionsgründer) 20) Ptolemäus (Astronom und Geograph) 21) (R) Raffael, vor ihm Sodoma (Künstler) Platon und Aristoteles (hinten), Heraklit und Diogenes (vorn) 10

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Die Schule von Athen ist ein Fresco des Malers Raf- fael, das dieser von 1510 bis 1511 in der Stanza della Segnatura des Vatikans. (ursprünglich die Bibliothek in den Privaträumen des. Papstes) für den Papst. Julius II. anfertigte. Das. Bild ist Teil eines Zyklus, der neben "der Schule von. At

Philosophen der Antike PDF

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