Phenolic Based Foams: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications

374 Pages·2022·10.156 MB·English

by  Sandhya P.K., Sreekala M.S., Sabu Thomas

Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials
Sandhya P. K.
Sreekala M. S.
Sabu Thomas   Editors
Phenolic
Based
Foams
Preparation, Characterization, and
Applications
Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials
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· ·
Sandhya P. K. Sreekala M. S. Sabu Thomas
Editors
Phenolic Based Foams
Preparation, Characterization,
and Applications
Editors
SandhyaP.K. SreekalaM.S.
SchoolofChemicalSciences SreeSankaraCollege
MahatmaGandhiUniversity Kalady,India
Kottayam,India
SabuThomas
MahatmaGandhiUniversity
Kottayam,India
ISSN2367-0061 ISSN2367-007X (electronic)
GelsHorizons:FromSciencetoSmartMaterials
ISBN978-981-16-5236-3 ISBN978-981-16-5237-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5237-0
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
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Preface
Phenolic foams are considered as the most efficient insulation material that are
commonly available and are inexpensive. Compared with other types of foams
phenolic foams possess good fire resistance, less smoke during burning, low heat
conduction coefficient, and good balance between cost and mechanical proper-
ties. Phenolic foams are considered as a leading candidate in various fields such
as construction industry, petrochemicals, aerospace, and fire protection. However,
theextremefriabilityandbrittlenessofphenolicfoamslimitstheirapplications.So
itisveryimportanttoimprovethetoughnessofthephenolicfoamsbyreinforcing
withothermaterials.
Numerous efforts have been made to improve the toughness of phenolic foams
over the past decades. Thus, it is essential to acquire knowledge about the prepa-
ration, properties, and applications of phenolic foams by research scholars and
students.Mostoftheresearchworksweredonetoimprovethepropertiesofphenolic
foamsaccordingtoitstargetedapplications.Thetoughnessofphenolicfoamscanbe
enhancedbyaddingvarioustougheningagentslikeflexiblepolymers,naturalfillers,
andnanofillers.Alltheeffortsweretoimprovethephysicalpropertiesofphenolic
foamsbymaintainingtheirinherentthermal,insulation,andevolutionoflesstoxic
substancesduringburning.Theeffortofresearcherstopreparebio-basedphenolic
foamsisalsoappreciablesinceitiseasilyavailable,cost-effective,andreducesthe
environmentalpollution.
Thisbookisdividedinto25units.Thefirstunitfocusesonthegeneralintroduction
aboutphenolicfoams.Thesucceedingtwounitsdealwiththeintroductionoffoam
manufactureandthechemistrybehindit.Nextthreeunitsdiscusstheeffectofhybrid
fillers and toughening agents on the properties of phenolic foams. The following
chapterdescribesthepropertiesofphenolicsyntacticfoams.Thenexttwounitsare
about the morphology and shape memory effects of PF foams. The following few
chaptersdiscussthemechanical,thermal,electrical,andflameretardantproperties
of PF foams. This book also covers PF foams with nanofillers such as clay, CNT,
graphene,andnanosilicaasreinforcements.Thelasteightchaptersincludediscussion
ofbio-basedPFfoamsandapplicationsofPFfoams.
v
vi Preface
Wehopeallthescientificcommunityandstudentswillbebenefittedbythisbook
andwelookforwardtohavesuggestionsandfeedbacktoimproveuponit.
Kottayam,India SandhyaP.K.
Kalady,India SreekalaM.S.
Kottayam,India SabuThomas
Contents
1 Phenolic-BasedFoams:StateoftheArt,NewChallenges,
andOpportunities ............................................. 1
P.K.Sandhya,M.S.Sreekala,andSabuThomas
2 IntroductiononFoamManufacture ............................. 15
ShahramMehdipour-AtaeiandMaryamMohammadi
3 MaterialsandChemistryofPhenolicFoams ..................... 35
FelipeM.deSouza,AnilM.Palve,andRamK.Gupta
4 Hybrid Composite Foam: Effect of Hybrid Fillers
ontheMechanicalPropertiesofPhenolicFoams ................. 65
ZunaidaZakariaandNorAzuraAbdulRahim
5 ToughenedPhenolicFoams .................................... 81
TiejunGe,KaihongTang,andAilingZhang
6 ShapeMemoryPhenolicFoams ................................ 103
UmeshR.MahajanandS.T.Mhaske
7 MechanicalPropertiesofPhenolicFoams ....................... 121
AshutoshPandey,RuchiDubey,ShashankKumarSrivastava,
RahulSaxena, GauravKumarGupta, D.P.Mondal,
andRajeevKumar
8 ThermalStabilityofPhenolicFoams ............................ 137
LakshmipriyaRavindran, M.S.Sreekala, S.Anilkumar,
andSabuThomas
9 ThermalConductivityofPhenolicFoams ........................ 155
ZhongleiMa
10 ElectromagneticInterferenceShieldinginPhenolicFoam ......... 175
RajeevKumar, AnushiSharma, VeerendraKumarPatle,
AshutoshPandey,NeerajDwivedi,andD.P.Mondal
vii
viii Contents
11 FlameRetardantModificationofPhenolicFoam ................. 195
FeiSongandPuyouJia
12 Modification in Phenolic Foams and Properties of Clay
ReinforcedPF ................................................ 209
GraceMoniandSimoneA.Silva
13 GrapheneReinforcedPhenolicFoams ........................... 221
MichałStrankowski
14 NanoSilicaReinforcedPhenolicFoams ......................... 235
SeyyedehFatemehHosseini, MasoumehKiyanfar,
HodaDaneshvar,andMirSaeedSeyedDorraji
15 SynthesisofBio-/lignin-BasedPhenolicFoamsforInsulation
andFloralApplications ........................................ 253
HongweiLi, BingLi, ZhongshunYuan, YongshengZhang,
andChunbaoCharlesXu
16 FoamsinWoodComposites .................................... 275
AliShalbafan
17 WoodFlour-ReinforcedPhenolicFoams(WFPF) ................. 301
AdamOlszewski,PaulinaKosmela,andŁukaszPiszczyk
18 LigninNanoparticle-ReinforcedPhenolicFoams ................. 317
MasoumehKiyanfar, HodaDaneshvar,
SeyyedehFatemehHosseini,andMirSaeedSeyedDorraji
19 The Role of Polyurethane Chemistry on the Properties
ofPhenolicFoamsAppliedintheThermalInsulationIndustry .... 331
ChiacchiarelliLeonelMatías
20 PhenolicFoams:TheInsulatingMaterialstoReducetheFrost
Penetration,Skidding,andFloodingRiskofRoadandAirfield
Pavements .................................................... 359
ShohelAminandMohamedHeweidak
Editors and Contributors
AbouttheEditors
Sandhya P. K. is currently Research Assistant at School of Chemical Sciences,
MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kerala,India.ShehasreceivedherM.Phil.inChem-
istry in 2009 and Ph.D. in Chemistry in 2019 from Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kerala. Her doctoral research is focused on graphene-based phenol formaldehyde
nanocomposites,andherresearchinterestsincludethepreparationofphenolicfoams
reinforcedwithgraphene.Shehaspublishedsevenresearchpapersininternational
journalsandauthoredfourbookchapters.Shehasparticipatedinseveralconferences
andseminarsofnationalandinternationalrepute.
SreekalaM.S.isAssistantProfessorofChemistryatPostgraduateResearchDepart-
mentofChemistry,SreeSankaraCollege,India.ShereceivedherMaster’sofPhilos-
ophyinChemistryin1995andPh.D.degreeinChemistryin2001fromMahatma
GandhiUniversity,India.Shehaspublishedover50papersinpeer-reviewedjour-
nalsandhasheldanumberofscientificpositionsandresearchfellowships.Shehas
editedsixbooks.ShebaggedtheprestigiousAlexandervonHumboldt(AvH)post-
doctoralfellowshipfromtheHumboldtFoundation,Germany,andawardedtheJSPS
post-doctoralfellowshipfromJapanSocietyforPromotionofScience.In2020,she
was included in the top 2% scientists in the world (Rising stars List) by Stanford
University,USA.Shehasanh-index30andi10-index43with6488citations.
Prof. Sabu Thomas is currently Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kerala, India. He is an outstanding leader with sustained international acclaim for
hisworkinnanoscience,polymerscienceandengineeringandgreenmaterials.He
hasreceivedmorethan30nationalandinternationalawards.Hehaspublishedover
1200peer-reviewedresearchpapers,reviews,andbookchapters.Hehasco-edited
150 books and is an inventor of 15 patents. The H index of him is 114 and has
morethan62,000citations.Hehasdeliveredover350plenary/inauguralandinvited
lecturesinnational/internationalmeetingsover40countries.Hehassupervised115
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