Ph.D. Thesis Ahmad Salman Alqallaf Thesis submitted to Bangor University in fulfilment of the ...

168 Pages·2017·2.3 MB·English

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Examining the Interactive Effects of Mental Toughness, Self-

Regulated Training Behaviors, and Personality in Swimming

Ph.D. Thesis

Ahmad Salman Alqallaf

Thesis submitted to Bangor University in fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the
School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences.
2016
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Contents
Author’s Declaration 01
Acknowledgements 04
Thesis Abstract 05
Chapter 1: General Introduction 07
Mental Toughness 08
Qualitative research 09
Development of MT 10
Maintenance of MT 13
Coach perceptions of development 14
Quantitative research in MT 17
MT and performance 20
Limitations of qualitative and quantitative research 21
Informant assessment of MT 22
Training behaviours and self-regulation 25
Self-regulation of emotions 28
Self-regulation of behaviour 29
Personality and performance 33
Purpose of the Thesis 40
Chapter 2: The effects of punishment and reward sensitivities on MT and performance
in swimming 42
Abstract 43
Introduction 44
Method 48
Results 50
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Discussion 53
Method 55
Results 55
General Discussion 57
Chapter 3: The mediating role of training behaviours on self-report MT and MT
behaviour in swimming 62
Abstract 63
Introduction 64
Method 69
Results 72
Discussion 80
Chapter 4: Examining the relationship between personality and MT upon training
behaviours and MT behaviour in swimming 85
Abstract 86
Introduction 87
Method 93
Results 96
Discussion 109
Chapter 5: General Discussion 115
Overview of the major thesis findings 116
Self-presentation issues and MT 119
Punishment and reward sensitivities 120
Training behaviours and MT 121
Personality 125
Applied implications 128
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Conclusion 130

Limitations 131
Strengths 132
Future Directions 134
Summary 136

References 137
Appendix 151
- Chapter 2 (A) The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised
Short version (EPQR-S; Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985) 152
- Chapter 2 (B) Swimming Mental Toughness Inventory (SMTI) 154
- Chapter 2 (C) Performance measure form 155
- Chapter 3 (D) Swimming Mental Toughness Inventory (SMTI) 157
- Chapter 3 (E) Psychological Performance Inventory-Alternative
(PPI-A; Golby et al., 2007) 158
- Chapter 3 (F) Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire
(SMTQ; Sheard et al., 2009) 159
- Chapter 3 (G) Mental Toughness Index
(MTI; Gucciardi et al., 2014) 160
- Chapter 3 (H) Self-Rated Training Behaviours (SRTB) 161
- Chapter 3 (I) Coach-Rated Training Behaviours (CRTB) 162
- Chapter 4 (J) Coach-Rated Training Behaviours (CRTB)
Distractibility (CRD), and Coping with Adversity (CWA) 163
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Author’s Declaration
Details of the Work
I hereby agree to deposit the following item in the digital repository maintained by Bangor
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Title: ………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….
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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to Bangor University which is deemed one of the most
reputable, prestigious and well-known Universities across the globe. I will never forget my
time here as a PhD student. I would also like extend my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor’s
Dr Stuart Beattie and Professor Lew Hardy who have supported and guided me throughout my
PhD. I am extremely thankful for their guidance, unquestionable support, invaluable and
constructive feedback and friendly advice over the past three years. I wish to remain friends
and a colleague for many more years to come. I am proud to express special thanks to my
loving, caring and supportive parents along with my family and friends for sparing no efforts
in motivating and encouraging me throughout my study. Thanks to my three sons Salman,
Hassan and Hussain. Finally, and to my wife Manar; my deepest gratitude.

Signed: AHMAD ALQALLAF.
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Thesis Abstract
The thesis contains five chapters that attempt to extend our understanding of Mental
Toughness (MT) in relation to personality, swimming performance, training behaviours and
MT behaviours. The thesis focuses predominantly on swimming environments, which can be
very stressful and often require athletes to train long hours and perform under intense
pressure. As such, it provides a useful context to investigate MT.
Chapter 1 critically reviews some of the previous MT research in the domains of
qualitative research and quantitative research. The Chapter introduces personality as a
possible trait explanation of MT and proposes that, even though training behaviours has been
indicated as an important source of MT, it is yet relatively unexplored. The Chapter then sets
out a series of questions upon which the thesis is based.
Chapter 2 focused on three aims. First, an informant rating of MT in swimming was
developed (Coach Rated MT). Second, to replicate previous findings (Hardy, Bell, & Beattie,
2014), revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (McNaughton & Gray, 2000) was used to
predict coach rated MT behaviour. Our findings supported that of Hardy et al. (2014), that is,
when reward sensitivity is low, increasing levels of punishment sensitivity positively related
to MT behaviour; but when reward sensitivity was high, increasing levels of punishment
sensitivity negatively relate to MT behaviour. Third, the thesis set out to investigate whether
punishment and reward sensitivities could actually predict swimming performance. Our
findings showed there was a significant punishment sensitivity and reward sensitivity
interaction. That is, when reward sensitivity was low, as punishment sensitivity increased,
swimming times improved. However, with high reward sensitivity as punishment sensitivity
increased, swimming times reduced. However, findings showed that there was no significant
correlation between coach assessed MT and actual swimming performance.
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Chapter 3 examined the mediating role of training behaviours on self-report MT and
MT behaviour in swimming. In this chapter swimmers completed three self-report MT
measurements; the Psychological Performance Inventory-Alternative (PPI-A; Golby, Sheard,
& van Wersch, 2007); the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ; Sheard, Golby,
Wersch, 2009); and the Mental Toughness Index (MTI; Gucciardi, Hanton, Gordon, Mallett,
&Temby, 2014). Swimmers and coaches also completed a measure of Self-Regulated
Training Behaviours (SRTB) and the coach completed the Swimming MT Inventory (SMTI)
to assess MT behaviour. Findings supported our hypothesis that self-regulated training
behaviours (coach and self-rated) had a positive relationship with coach and self-rated MT.
Further, training behaviours mediated the relationship between self-report MT and coach
rated MT behaviour.
Chapter 4, examined three main personality profiles of psychoticism, extraversion,
and neuroticism in relation to MT and training behaviours. To assess the swimmer’s
personality profiles we utilized the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised Short version
(EPQR-S; Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985). Coaches completed the MT behaviour
measure (CRTB) and the Quality of Training Inventory consisting of distractibility and
coping with adversity. Findings revealed that swimmers characterized by high levels of both
psychoticism and MT skills displayed higher levels of training and MT behaviours. That is,
self-rated MT only had a positive relationship with training and MT behaviour when
psychoticism was high.
Chapter 5 concludes the thesis. More specifically, the chapter provides a summary
and integrated discussion of the thesis findings, implications, limitations, strengths and
avenues for future research.