Table Of ContentPhase Transitions in the Early Universe:
Theory and Observations
NATO Science Series
A Series presenting the resuits of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science
Programme.
The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction
with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
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I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press
II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers
III. Computer and Systems Science IOS Press
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V. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press
The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series.
The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of
countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported
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ting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these
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Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 40
Phase Transitions in the
Early Universe:
Theory and Observations
edited by
Hector J. De Vega
Universite de Paris VI,
LPTHE, Paris, France
Isaak M. Khalatnikov
Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics,
Moscow, Russia
and
Norma G.Sänchez
Observatoire de Paris, Demirm,
Paris, France
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Phase Transitions in the Early Universe: Theory and Observations
Erice, Sicily, Italy
6-17 December 2000
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-0057-7 ISBN 978-94-010-0997-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0997-3
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
©2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
TABLE OFCONTENTS
PREFACE IX
DEDICATIONOFTHE8THCOURSETOAndrei D.SAKHAROV
Xl
I. THEEARLYUNIVERSE
Phase Transitions in the Early and thePresent Universe: from the Big Bang to
Heavy Ion Collisions 3
D.BOYANOVSKY
Tsunami Inflation: Selfconsistent Quantum Dynamics 45
H.J. DE VEGA
String Driven Cosmology and its Predictions 81
N.SANCHEZ
Quark-GIuon Plasma in the Early Universe 103
J.I. KAPUSTA
Finite Temperature and Non-EquilibriumPhase Transitions in the Early
Universe
M.SHAPOSHNIKOV 123
Phase Transitions During Inflation and ChemicallyInhomogeneous Universe 145
A.D.DOLGOV
Chaos in Cosmology 161
I. M. KHALATNIKOV, A.Yu KAMENSHCHIK
vi
II.COSMICMICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRADIATION
The Physics ofCMB Anisotropies 183
W.HU
The CosmicMicrowaveBackground after Maximaand Boomerang 207
P.L. RICHARDS
III.LARGESCALESTRUCTURE,DARKMATTER
Large-scale Structure,Theory and Statistics 217
P. COLES
Measuring Global Curvature and CosmicAcceleration with Supernovae 249
B. P.SCHMIDT
RecentDevelopments in the Search for BaryonicDark Matter 267
B.J. CARR
IV.FRACTALS ANDSCALINGLAWS INASTROPHYSICS
ANDCOSMOLOGY
Complexityin Cosmology 287
F. SYLOS LABINI,L. PIETRONERO
StatisticalMechanics ofthe Self-Gravitating Gas. ThermodynamicLimit,
PhaseDiagrams,LocalPhysicalMagnitudes and Fractal Structures 303
H. J. DE VEGA, N. SANCHEZ
PhaseTransitions and Galaxy Clustering 373
W.C.SASLAW
The Ultimate PhaseTransition 389
W.C.SASLAW
vii
V.PRIMORDIALANDASTROPHYSICALBLACKHOLES
Black Holes:Scatterers, Absorbers andEmitters ofParticles 399
N.SANCHEZ
Black Hole Astrophysics 417
I. V.ARTEMOVA,I. D. NOVIKOV
Black Hole Emissionin String Theoryand the String Phase ofBlackHoles 429
N.SANCHEZ
Primordial Black Holes as a Probe oftheEarly Universe and aVarying
Gravitational Constant 451
B.J. CARR
Primordial Black Holes and Hot Matter 471
J.I. KAPUSTA
VIHIGH ENERGYAND NEUTRINOASTROPHYSICS
The Curious Adventure of the UltrahighEnergy Cosmic Rays 485
F. W.STECKER
Challenges ofthe HighestEnergyEvents Observed 505
P.L. BIERMANN
In What Sense is the Energy SpectrumaUniversal PropertyofExtreme
EnergyCosmic Rays 523
J.LINSLEY
Physics ofCharged CosmicRays with the AMS Experiment 527
J. P.VIALLE
Cosmic MagneticFields 543
P.L. BIERMANN
viii
VIITHEINTERNATIONALSPACESTATION
Space ScienceUtilization of the International Space Station 561
W.VERNONJONES
The Italian Role on the International Space Station 585
A. LORENZONI, M.e. FALVELLA
AUTHORINDEX 593
PREFACE
This NATO Advanced Study Institute provided an updated understanding,
fromafundamentalanddeeppointofview,of the progress and key issues in
the early universe and the physical processes which took place in it.The
interplay between cosmic microwave background radiation, large scale
structure anddark matter problem were stressed within a synthetic view.The
central focus was placed on the crucial issue of the phase transitions in the
early universe and their observable consequences: baryon asymmetry,
baryogenesis and cosmological fluctuations.
Emphasis was given to the precise interplay between cosmology, statistical
physics and particle physics in these problems, both at the theoretical and
experimental/observational levels, within a carefully balanced programme
emphasizingthe genuine interdisciplinarityofthis domain.
Special Lectures were devoted to primordial and astrophysical black holes,
and to high energy, cosmic rays and neutrino astrophysics. Deep
understanding, clarification, synthesis, careful interdisciplinarity within a
fundamental physicsframework,werethe maingoals ofthecourse.
Lectures ranged from a motivated and pedagogical introduction for students
andparticipants notdirectlyworking inthefieldtothe latestdevelopments and
most recent results. All Lectures were plenary, had the same duration and
werefollowedbyadiscussion.
The Course brought together experimentalists and theoretical physicists,
astrophysicists and astronomers from a variety of backgrounds, including
young scientists at post-doctoral level, senior scientists and advanced
graduate studentsaswell.
Bythe nature of the domain itself, there were different aspects, approaches
and points of view (sometimes complementary to each other, sometimes in
contradiction), to a same topic or subject. Special care was taken to provide
the studentswiththe groundsforthedifferent lines of research incompetition
(and not just via one approach). Participants had an excellent opportunity to
learnaboutthe realstateofthediscipline,andto learnaboutit inacriticalway.
This NATO Advanced Study Institute «Phase Transitions in the Early
Universe: Theory and Observations» was dedicated to the outstanding
RussianPhysicist Andrei DmitrievichSakharov.Hisworkandhislegacy are at
the heartofthisCourse:baryogenesisand itsconditions (breaking ofparticle
antiparticle symmetry, deviation of thermal equilibrium, non-conservation of
baryon charge); the Sakharov «acoustic» oscillations of the Cosmic
MicrowaveBackgroundRadiation; the quantumunificationofgravity with the
other fundamental interactions and cosmology.
ix
x
Professor Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov, founder and honorary director of the
L. D.Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics in Moscow, delivered a special
lecture on «Lev D.Landau, the Man and the Physicist », which brilliantly
complementedhislectureonthesubject intheChalongeSchoolof 1999.
Dr NicholasWhite from the High EnergyAstrophysics Laboratory of NASA at
Greenbeltdelivereda special lecture on «Cosmic Journeys, to the edge of
Gravity,SpaceandTime» andtheNASA missionsforcosmology and black
holes.
Aspecialsession devoted to the International SpaceStation and its Scientific
Utilization took place on the last day of the School with the participation of
representatives from NASA,the Italian Space Agency and EUSO (Extreme
UniverseSpace Observatory).
AllLectures took place at the "PAM. Dirac" Lecture Hall. Each Lecture was
followed by a 15-minutes discussion; the discussion sessions were as
important as the lectures themselves. A special visit to the PAM. Dirac
Museum and to the Daniel Chalonge Museum took place at the Closing
sessionofthecourse.
We wish to express our deep gratitude to the Scientific Affairs Division of
NATO, with special thanks expressed to Dr Yves Sillard and Dr Fausto
Pedrazzini,fortheirgenerousandefficientsupport.
Our grateful thanks are expressed to all the lecturers who did so much to
make this course succesful, andto participants and lecturers for contributing
so much to the outstanding discussions and to create such a stimulating
atmosphereduring the Course.
We specially thank the reception secretaries, Nicole Letourneur, Monique
Martz, Sylviane Spiess, and the scientific secretaries, Francisco Cao,
Giuseppe De Risi, Jose Martinez Resco, Michele Simionato, Jon Urrestilla,
Takayuki Tatekawa, and their coordinators Maria Cristina Falvella and
AleksandrZhelthukin,fortheir efficientassistancethroughoutthecourse.
Wealsoextendourappreciationto Kluwer Academic Publishers,Science and
Technology Division, for their cooperation and efficiency in publishing these
proceedings.
HectorJ.deVega,IsaakM.Khalatnikov
Directorsofthe Course
NormaSanchez
DirectoroftheSchool
