Table Of Contenti
Phase transformations in steels
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
ii
Related titles:
Phase transformations in steels Volume 1: Fundamentals and diffusion-controlled
transformations
(ISBN 978-1-84569-970-3)
Edited by two leading experts in the feld, and with contributions from some of the
most distinguished fgures in steel research, this two-volume work summarises the vast
amount of recent research on phase transformations in steels. The book covers both
fundamental aspects (thermodynamics, diffusion, etc.) and more particular features
(bainite, martensite, etc.). Volume 1 reviews fundamentals, diffusion-controlled,
bainite and diffusional-displacive transformations.
Microstructure evolution in metal forming processes: Modelling and applications
(ISBN 978-0-85709-074-4)
Metal forming processes involve varying degrees of deformation to the metal
substrate. This deformation results in changes to the microstructure of the metal.
These microstructural changes need to be monitored and controlled. This book looks
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and control to produce steels and other metals with the right properties.
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(ISBN 978-1-84569-670-2)
Nanostructured metals and alloys have enhanced tensile strength, fatigue strength and
ductility and are suitable for use in applications where strength or strength-to-weight
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for bulk nanostructured metals and alloys. Parts II and III discuss microstructure
and mechanical properties, whilst Part IV outlines applications of this new class of
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iii
Phase
transformations in
steels
Volume 2: Diffusionless
transformations, high strength steels,
modelling and advanced analytical
techniques
Edited by
Elena Pereloma and David V. Edmonds
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
iv
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v
Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Foreword xvii
Introduction xix
Part I Diffusionless transformations 1
1 Crystallography of martensite transformations in
steels 3
P. M. Kelly, The University of Queensland, Australia
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Martensite transformations in steels 4
1.3 Phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography
(PTMC) 10
1.4 The post phenomenological theory of martensite
crystallography (PTMC) period 18
1.5 Strain energy – the Eshelby/Christian model and the
infnitesimal deformation (ID) approach 23
1.6 Interfacial dislocation models 25
1.7 Future trends 28
1.8 Conclusions 29
1.9 References 30
2 Morphology and substructure of martensite in steels 34
T. Maki, Kyoto University, Japan
2.1 Morphology and crystallographic features of martensite
in ferrous alloys 34
2.2 Morphology and substructure of lath martensite 38
2.3 Morphology and substructure of lenticular martensite 46
2.4 Morphology and substructure of thin plate martensite 50
2.5 Conclusions 54
2.6 References 56
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
3 Kinetics of martensite transformations in steels 59
G. B. Olson and Z. D. Feinberg, Northwestern University, USA
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Mechanism and kinetics of martensitic transformation 60
3.3 Mechanically induced transformations 63
3.4 Transformation plasticity constitutive relations and
applications 66
3.5 Conclusions 79
3.6 References 80
4 Shape memory in ferrous alloys 83
D. Dunne, University of Wollongong, Australia
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Fe-Pt alloys 89
4.3 Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C alloys 93
4.4 Fe-Ni-Co-based alloys 96
4.5 Austenitic stainless steels with low stacking fault energy
(SFE) 99
4.6 Fe-Mn-based alloys 100
4.7 Summary 115
4.8 Acknowledgements 118
4.9 References 118
5 Tempering of martensite in carbon steels 126
G. Krauss, Colorado School of Mines, USA
5.1 Introduction 126
5.2 Martensitic microstructures prior to tempering heat
treatments 127
5.3 Classifcation of aging and tempering stages: general
considerations 130
5.4 Changes in martensitic fne structure due to aging 131
5.5 The stages of tempering 132
5.6 Conclusions 145
5.7 References 145
Part II Phase transformations in high strength steels 151
6 Phase transformations in microalloyed high strength
low alloy (HSLA) steels 153
R. C. Cochrane, University of Leeds, UK
6.1 Introduction to microalloyed high strength low alloy
(HSLA) steels 153
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Contents vii
6.2 Brief historical review of the development of microalloyed
steels 155
6.3 Solubility of microalloying elements in austenite and ferrite 157
6.4 Precipitation 161
6.5 Effects of microalloying on transformation kinetics 177
6.6 Phase transformations during high strength low alloy
(HSLA) steels processing 185
6.7 Controlled processed ferrite/bainite and acicular ferrite
steels 199
6.8 Conclusions and future trends 205
6.9 Acknowledgements 207
6.10 References 207
7 Phase transformations in transformation induced
plasticity (TRIP)-assisted multiphase steels 213
P. J. Jacques, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium
7.1 Introduction 213
7.2 Historical perspectives on the emergence of transformation
induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted multiphase steels 215
7.3 Infuence of parameters of the thermomechanical process
on the formation of multiphase microstructures containing
retained austenite 223
7.4 Conclusion and future trends 242
7.5 References 243
8 Phase transformations in quenched and partitioned
steels 247
J. G. Speer, Colorado School of Mines, USA
8.1 Introduction to the quenching and partitioning concept 247
8.2 Microstructure development fundamentals and alloy designs 252
8.3 Mechanical behavior, potential applications, and
implementation status 260
8.4 Conclusions 267
8.5 References 268
9 Phase transformations in advanced bainitic steels 271
F. G. Caballero and C. Garcia-Mateo, National Centre for
Metallurgical Research (CENIM-CSIC), Spain
9.1 Introduction 271
9.2 Design of third generation of advanced high strength steels 273
9.3 Carbide-free bainitic steels: a material ready for the
nanocentury 283
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
9.4 Conclusions and future trends 290
9.5 Acknowledgement 291
9.6 References 291
10 Phase transformations in high manganese
twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels 295
B. C. De Cooman, Pohang University of Science and Technology,
South Korea
10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 Fe-Mn-X alloys 297
10.3 Strain-induced twinning 307
10.4 Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) industrialization 327
10.5 Conclusions 327
10.6 Acknowledgements 328
10.7 References 328
11 Phase transformations in maraging steels 332
W. Sha, Queen’s University Belfast, UK, H. Leitner, University of
Leoben, Austria, Z. Guo, Sente Software Ltd, UK and W. Xu,
ArcelorMittal Global R&D Gent, Belgium
11.1 State of the art of ultra high strength steels 332
11.2 Types of maraging steels 334
11.3 Microstructure and precipitates in maraging steels 339
11.4 Reverted austenite and mechanical properties 342
11.5 Evolution of precipitates and the overall process 346
11.6 Precipitation kinetic theory in Fe-12Ni-6Mn maraging type
alloy 349
11.7 Research trends 356
11.8 References 359
Part III Modelling phase transformations 363
12 First principles in modelling phase transformations in
steels 365
M. H. F. Sluiter, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
12.1 Introduction 365
12.2 Ab initio description of phase stability of pure iron 370
12.3 Ab initio phase stability of iron carbides 374
12.4 Substitutional alloying elements 377
12.5 Ab initio description of diffusivity in bcc Fe 381
12.6 Future trends 384
12.7 References 385
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents ix
13 Phase feld modelling of phase transformations in
steels 405
M. Militzer, The University of British Columbia, Canada
13.1 Introduction 405
13.2 Phase feld methodology 406
13.3 Austenite formation 414
13.4 Austenite decomposition 418
13.5 Future trends 428
13.6 References 429
14 Molecular dynamics modeling of martensitic
transformations in steels 433
H. M. Urbassek and L. Sandoval, Universität Kaiserslautern,
Germany
14.1 Introduction 433
14.2 Interatomic interaction potentials 434
14.3 Martensitic transformations in iron: case studies 443
14.4 Transformations in ferrous nanosystems 449
14.5 Conclusions and future trends 459
14.6 Acknowledgement 460
14.7 References 460
15 Neural networks modeling of phase transformations
in steels 464
C. Capdevila, National Centre for Metallurgical Research
(CENIM-CSIC), Spain
15.1 Introduction 464
15.2 Essence of the method 465
15.3 On the quest of critical temperatures 472
15.4 Determining microstructural parameters 488
15.5 Development of continuous cooling transformation (CCT)
diagrams 496
15.6 Conclusions and future trends 498
15.7 References 500
Part IV Advanced analytical techniques for studying
phase transformations in steels 505
16 Application of modern transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) techniques to the study of phase
transformations in steels 507
D. Boyd and Z. Yao, Queen’s University, Canada
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
