Table Of ContentPhase transformations in steels
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Related titles:
Phase transformations in steels Volume 2: Diffusionless transformations, high strength
steels, modelling and advanced analytical techniques
(ISBN 978-1-84569-971-0)
Edited by two leading experts in the feld, and with contributions from some of the
most distinguished fgures in steel research, this two-volume work summarises the vast
amount of recent research on phase transformations in steels. The book covers both
fundamental aspects (thermodynamics, diffusion, etc.) and more particular features
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These microstructural changes need to be monitored and controlled. This book looks
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and control to produce steels and other metals with the right properties.
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Phase
transformations in
steels
Volume 1: Fundamentals and
diffusion-controlled transformations
Edited by
Elena Pereloma and David V. Edmonds
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
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First published 2012, Woodhead Publishing Limited
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Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Foreword xv
Introduction xvii
Part I Fundamentals of phase transformations 1
1 The historical development of phase transformations
understanding in ferrous alloys 3
R. E. Hackenberg, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The legacy of ferrous technology, characterization, and
understanding prior to 1880 5
1.3 The recognition of ferrous phase transformations in the
frst period (1880–1925) 8
1.4 The consolidation of ferrous phase transformations in the
second period (1925–1970) 21
1.5 Conclusion 37
1.6 Bibliography 38
1.7 References 40
2 Thermodynamics of phase transformations in
steels 56
J. Ågren, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden
2.1 Introduction: the use of thermodynamics in phase
transformations 56
2.2 External and internal variables 57
2.3 The state of equilibrium 60
2.4 The combined frst and second law – its application 62
2.5 The calculation of thermodynamic properties and
equilibrium under fxed T, P and composition 72
2.6 Gibbs energy of phases in steel – the Calphad method 74
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
2.7 Various kinds of phase diagrams 80
2.8 Effect of interfaces 85
2.9 Thermodynamics of fuctuations in equilibrium systems 91
2.10 Thermodynamics of nucleation 92
2.11 References 93
3 Fundamentals of diffusion in phase transformations 94
M. Hillert, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden
3.1 Introduction 94
3.2 Driving forces of simultaneous processes 96
3.3 Atomistic model of diffusion 98
3.4 Change to a new frame of reference 101
3.5 Evaluation of mobilities 113
3.6 Trapping and transition to diffusionless transformation 119
3.7 Future trends 123
3.8 Acknowledgement 124
3.9 References 125
4 Kinetics of phase transformations in steels 126
S. Van der Zwaag, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft),
The Netherlands
4.1 Introduction 126
4.2 General kinetic models 128
4.3 Geometrical/microstructural aspects in kinetics 129
4.4 Nucleation 132
4.5 Growth 139
4.6 Experimental methods 141
4.7 Industrial relevance 150
4.8 Acknowledgements 151
4.9 References 152
5 Structure, energy and migration of phase
boundaries in steels 157
M. enomoto, Ibaraki University, Japan
5.1 Introduction 157
5.2 Atomic structure of phase boundaries 158
5.3 Free energies of phase boundaries 163
5.4 Migration of phase boundaries 171
5.5 Conclusions and future trends 177
5.6 References 179
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
Part II Diffusion-controlled transformations 185
6 Fundamentals of ferrite formation in steels 187
M. Strangwood, The University of Birmingham, UK
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Crystallography 189
6.3 Transformation ranges 193
6.4 Nucleation 198
6.5 Growth 208
6.6 Conclusions 216
6.7 References 216
7 Proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations
in steels 225
M. V. kral, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
7.1 Introduction 225
7.2 Temperature-composition range of formation of
proeutectoid ferrite and cementite 227
7.3 The Dubé morphological classifcation system 229
7.4 Three-dimensional morphological classifcations 233
7.5 Crystallographic orientation relationships with austenite 255
7.6 Habit plane, growth direction and interfacial structure of
proeutectoid precipitates 258
7.7 Future trends 266
7.8 Sources of further information and advice 266
7.9 Acknowledgements 267
7.10 References 267
8 The formation of pearlite in steels 276
D. embury, McMaster University, Canada
8.1 Introduction 276
8.2 An overview of the pearlite reaction 278
8.3 Crystallographic aspects of the reaction 285
8.4 The role of alloying elements 291
8.5 The deformation of pearlite 298
8.6 Future trends in pearlitic steels 303
8.7 Sources of further information and advice 306
8.8 Acknowledgements 307
8.9 References 307
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
9 Nature and kinetics of the massive austenite-ferrite
phase transformations in steels 311
Y. liu, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Germany and
Tianjin University, P. R. China, F. Sommer, Max Planck Institute for
Intelligent Systems, Germany and E. J. mittemeiJer, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Germany and University of
Stuttgart, Germany
9.1 Introduction 311
9.2 Kinetic information based on thermal analysis 314
9.3 Modular phase transformation model 315
9.4 Characteristics of normal and abnormal transformations 320
9.5 Kinetics of the normal transformation 332
9.6 Kinetics of the abnormal transformation 338
9.7 Transition from diffusion-controlled growth to interface-
controlled growth 345
9.8 Transition from interface-controlled growth to diffusion-
controlled growth 360
9.9 Massive transformation under uniaxial compressive stress 367
9.10 Conclusion 377
9.11 References 377
Part III Bainite and diffusional-displacive transformations 383
10 Mechanisms of bainite transformation in steels 385
S. B. SingH, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
10.1 Introduction 385
10.2 Bainite: general characteristics 386
10.3 Diffusion-controlled growth mechanism 391
10.4 Displacive mechanism of transformation 396
10.5 Summary and conclusion 411
10.6 References 412
11 Carbide-containing bainite in steels 417
T. FuruHara, Tohoku University, Japan
11.1 Defnitions of bainite structure 417
11.2 Crystallography and related characteristics of ferrite in
bainite 423
11.3 Characteristics of carbide precipitation in bainite structure 429
11.4 Future trends 433
11.5 References 433
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents ix
12 Carbide-free bainite in steels 436
F. G. caballero, National Center for Metallurgical Research
(CENIM-CSIC), Spain
12.1 Introduction 436
12.2 Infuence of silicon on cementite precipitation in steels 442
12.3 Carbon distribution during the carbide-free bainite reaction 446
12.4 Microstructural observations of plastic accommodation
in carbide-free bainite 456
12.5 Conclusions 461
12.6 Acknowledgement 462
12.7 References 463
13 Kinetics of bainite transformation in steels 468
A. borgenStam and m. Hillert, Royal Institute of
Technology (KTH), Sweden
13.1 Introduction 468
13.2 Transformation diagrams 470
13.3 Nucleation and growth of bainite 477
13.4 Start temperature of bainite 485
13.5 Effect of alloying elements 491
13.6 Overall kinetics 494
13.7 Conclusions 499
13.8 Acknowledgement 499
13.9 References 499
Part IV Additional driving forces for transformations 503
14 Nucleation and growth during the austenite-to-ferrite
phase transformation in steels after plastic
deformation 505
J. SietSma, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands and
Ghent University, Belgium
14.1 Introduction 505
14.2 Background 506
14.3 Experiments and simulations on the effect of plastic
deformation on ferrite formation 516
14.4 Future trends and conclusion 523
14.5 References 524
15 Dynamic strain-induced ferrite transformation (DSIT)
in steels 527
P. D. HodgSon and H. beladi, Deakin University, Australia
15.1 Introduction 527
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
