Phase Noise in RF Amplifiers and Jitter in Timing Recove

201 Pages·2004·3.13 MB·English

TheUniversityofWesternAustralia
SchoolofElectrical,Electronic,andComputerEngineering
Crawley,WA6009
Analysis and Modelling of Jitter and Phase
Noise in Electronic Systems: Phase Noise in RF
Amplifiers and Jitter in Timing Recovery
Circuits
Toby-Daniel Tomlin
Thisthesisispresentedforthedegreeof
DoctorofPhilosophy
of
TheUniversityofWesternAustralia.
January2004
ii
Abstract
Timing jitter and phase noise are important design considerations in most electronic sys-
tems, particularly communication systems. The desire for faster transmission speeds and
higher levels of integration, combined with lower signal levels and denser circuit boards
has placed greater emphasis on managing problems related to phase noise, timing jitter,
andtimingdistribution.
This thesis reports original work on phase noise modelling in electronic systems. A
new model is proposed which predicts the up-conversion of baseband noise to the carrier
frequencyinRFamplifiers. Thenewmodelisvalidatedbycomparingthepredictedphase
noiseperformancetoexperimentalmeasurementsasitappliestoacommonemitter(CE),
bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier. The results show that the proposed model
correctly predicts the measured phase noise, including the shaping of the noise about the
carrierfrequency,andthedependenceofphasenoiseontheamplifierparameters.
In addition, new work relating to timing transfer in digital communication systems is
presented. A new clock recovery algorithm is proposed for decoding timing information
encoded using the synchronous residual time-stamp (SRTS) method. Again, theoretical
analysisisverifiedbycomparisonwithanexperimentalimplementation. Theresultsshow
thatthenewalgorithmcorrectlyrecoversthesourceclockatthedestination,andsatisfies
thejitterspecificationsetoutbytheITU-TforG.702signals.
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Acknowledgements
Many people have helped me at various times along this journey. In particular I would
liketothankthefollowingpeople:
Professor Antonio Cantoni, my supervisor. Although an extremely busy person, he
manages to find time to assist his students amongst the multitude of activities he under-
takes. I have been lucky to have had the opportunity to work with Tony over the years,
andIowehimadebtofgratitudeforbeingmysupervisor.
Professor Kevin Fynn, my associate supervisor. For encouraging me to undertake
postgraduate study, and for his guidance and expertise, particularly in the phase noise
portionofthisresearch.
I would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Western Aus-
tralianTelecommunicationsResearchInstitute(WATRI),AustralianTelecommunications
CooperativeResearchCentre(ATcrc),andtheAustralianPostgraduateAwardScheme.
Thanks also to my office-mates over the years: John Tuthill, Russell McWhirter,
FrancoPollicino,TomTriglone,andallthestaffandstudentsatWATRI/ATCRCforpro-
vidingastimulatingandenjoyableworkingenvironment.
Finally,toallmyfamilyandfriendsforthesupporttheyhaveprovidedmeduringthis
arduous,butimmenselyfulfillingprocess.
... and to all those people who kept asking “Is it done yet?” I can now proudly say
“Yes... it’sfinished!”
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ResearchMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 ResearchObjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 SummaryofContributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 ThesisOutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 TimingImpairmentsinElectronicSystems 7
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 TimingImpairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.1 TimeJitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 PhaseRepresentationofTimingSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 PhaseJitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.4 ApproximatingTimeJitterwithPhaseJitter . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 CharacterisationofTimingSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 FrequencyDomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.2 TimeDomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.3 Power-LawNoiseModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 MeasurementofPhaseNoiseintheFrequencyDomain . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.1 MeasurementHierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 Single-OscillatorMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.3 Two-OscillatorMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.4 Two-PortPhaseNoiseMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3 AnalysisandModellingofPhaseNoiseinElectronicCircuits 35
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 SystemModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 PhaseandAmplitudeNoiseModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 ApplicationofthePhaseNoiseModeltoaCEBJTAmplifier 43
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2 CEBJTAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.1 AmplifierModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.2 SmallSignalModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.3 PhaseShiftoftheCEBJTAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2.4 PhaseNoiseoftheCEBJTAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.1 PhaseNoiseversusCarrierFrequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.2 LowOffsetFrequencyNoiseShaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5 TransferofTimeinCommunicationSystems 57
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2 TheSRTSMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2.1 SRTSConcept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2.2 EncodingExample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.3 SRTSTimingRecoveryMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3.1 Lau/Fleischer-{S }Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
n
5.3.2 Walker/Cantoni-Differential{S }Reconstruction . . . . . . . . 67
n
5.3.3 MuntzPatent-FLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.4 DFBSRTSMethod-FLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6 AnalysisofRTSSystems 73
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2 FLLMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 FrequencyDiscriminationinDFBMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.2 FrequencyDiscriminationinMuntzMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.2.3 DFBSRTSClosedLoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.2.4 DFBSRTSSteadyStateResponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.3 Walker/Cantoni-DFBSRTSComparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.4 SRTSJitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.4.1 SRTSJitterEquation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
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6.4.2 SpectrumofSRTSJitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.5 DFBSRTSJitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.6 ExperimentalVerification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.6.1 DFBSRTSJitterPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7 SuggestionsforFutureWork 103
7.1 PhaseNoiseinElectronicSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.2 TransferofTimeinCommunicationSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.2.1 DiscriminatorJitterSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.2.2 DiscriminatorJitterSimulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Appendices 121
AppendixA Cross-CorrelationPhaseNoiseMeasurementSystem 123
A.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A.2 TheMixerasaPhaseDetector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A.3 SourcePhaseNoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
A.4 SourceAmplitudeNoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A.5 SystemNoiseFloor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
AppendixB PhaseNoiseduetoSuperposedWhiteNoise 135
B.1 SingleSidebandAWGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
B.2 DoubleSidebandAWGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
B.3 ThermalNoisePowerDeliveredtoaMatchedLoad . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
AppendixC AnalysisofSlowlyTimeVaryingParameterSystems 143
AppendixD DerivationoftheCEBJTAmplifierPhaseShift 147
AppendixE Extractionof1/fNoiseParameters 149
E.1 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
E.2 ParameterExtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
E.3 MeasurementSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
E.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
AppendixF MathematicalBackground 157
F.1 ModOperator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
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F.2 CongruenceRelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
AppendixG ProofofEquivalencefortheDFBSRTSMethod 159
AppendixH DerivationoftheSRTSJitterEquation 163
AppendixI SinusoidNulling 167
Bibliography 171
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