Table Of ContentThis page intentionally left blank.
Pharmaceutical Calculations
13th Edition
Pharmaceutical
Calculations
13th Edition
Howard C. Ansel, PhD
Professor and Dean Emeritus
College of Pharmacy
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
AcquisitionsEditor:JohnGoucher
ManagingEditor:MattHauber
DirectorofNursingProduction:HelenEwan
SeniorManagingEditor/Production:ErikaKors
SeniorProductionEditor:MarianBellus
Designer:HollyMcLaughlin
ManufacturingCoordinator:MargieOrzech
ProductionServices/Compositor:MarylandComposition/ASI
13thEdition
Copyright(cid:2)2010WoltersKluwerHealth(cid:2)LippincottWilliams&Wilkins.
Copyright(cid:2)2006,2001,1996,1991,1986byLippincottWilliams&Wilkins.Allrightsreserved.This
bookisprotectedbycopyright.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorby
anymeans,includingasphotocopiesorscanned-inorotherelectroniccopies,orutilizedbyanyinformation
storageandretrievalsystemwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner,exceptforbriefquotations
embodiedincriticalarticlesandreviews.Materialsappearinginthisbookpreparedbyindividualsaspartof
theirofficialdutiesasU.S.governmentemployeesarenotcoveredbytheabove-mentionedcopyright.To
requestpermission,pleasecontactLippincottWilliams&Wilkinsat530WalnutStreet,PhiladelphiaPA
19106,[email protected](productsandservices).
Thistextbookisintendedtoprovidetheunderpinningsofthemethodsusedinpharmaceuticalcalculations.The
drugs,drugproducts,formulas,equations,uses,anddosesareincludedinthistextbookforthesolepurposeof
providingexamplesinthetypesofcalculationsdescribed.Theinformationisnotintendedforuseinanypractice
orclinicalapplication,norshoulditbeconsideredorconstruedasspecificforanyindividualpatientnorasa
substituteforcurrentdrugpackageinserts.Theauthor,editors,andpublishermakenowarranty,expressor
implied,withregardtothecontentsanduseofthispublicationandarenotresponsible,asamatterofproduct
liability,negligence,orotherwise,foranyinjuryresultingfromanymaterialcontainedherein.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PrintedinChina
FirstEdition,1945
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Ansel,HowardC.,1933-
Pharmaceuticalcalculations/HowardC.Ansel.—13thed.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-58255-837-0
1.Pharmaceuticalarithmetic.I.Title.
[DNLM:1.DrugDosageCalculations.2.DosageForms.3.DrugCompounding—methods.4.
Prescriptions,Drug.5.WeightsandMeasures.QV748A618p2010]
RS57.S862010
615′.1401513—dc22
2008045672
Carehasbeentakentoconfirmtheaccuracyoftheinformationpresentedandtodescribegenerally
acceptedpractices.However,theauthors,editors,andpublisherarenotresponsibleforerrorsoromissionsor
foranyconsequencesfromapplicationoftheinformationinthisbookandmakenowarranty,expressedor
implied,withrespecttothecurrency,completeness,oraccuracyofthecontentsofthepublication.
Applicationofthisinformationinaparticularsituationremainstheprofessionalresponsibilityofthe
practitioner;theclinicaltreatmentsdescribedandrecommendedmaynotbeconsideredabsoluteand
universalrecommendations.
Theauthors,editors,andpublisherhaveexertedeveryefforttoensurethatdrugselectionanddosageset
forthinthistextareinaccordancewiththecurrentrecommendationsandpracticeatthetimeofpublication.
However,inviewofongoingresearch,changesingovernmentregulations,andtheconstantflowof
informationrelatingtodrugtherapyanddrugreactions,thereaderisurgedtocheckthepackageinsertfor
eachdrugforanychangeinindicationsanddosageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions.Thisis
particularlyimportantwhentherecommendedagentisaneworfrequentlyemployeddrug.
SomedrugsandmedicaldevicespresentedinthispublicationhaveFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)
clearanceforlimiteduseinrestrictedresearchsettings.Itistheresponsibilityofthehealthcareproviderto
ascertaintheFDAstatusofeachdrugordeviceplannedforuseinhisorherclinicalpractice.
LWW.COM
Preface
The thirteenth edition of Pharmaceutical Calculations represents a thorough update of this text-
book,whichformorethansixdecadeshasmettheneedsofstudentsinthisimportantsubject
area. One of the most apparent changes in this edition is the inclusion of learning objectives
foreachchapter.Theintentisnotonlytodefinethepurposeanddirectthestudent’sfocusbut
also to provide a basis for self-assessment following completion. Another important addition,
appearing in the Introduction, presents a step-wise approach in solving calculations problems
that should prove beneficial to students toward understanding and building confidence.
Throughout its history, one of the distinguishing characteristics of this textbook has been
theinclusion ofrelevant backgroundinformation toexplain thepharmaceutical and/orclinical
purpose underpinning each type of calculation. This practice has been continued, with new
content in such areas as e-prescriptions; medication orders in nursing homes; hospice-care;
patientself-administrationofanalgesia;intravenousinfusionratecalculationsforthecriticalcare
patient; patient conversions toalternative treatment plans; and other newand expanded areas.
Another traditional feature of this textbook has been the substantial use of examples and
practice problems. New problems have been added to reflect current drugs in use, including
productsofbiotechnology.Forthefirsttime,severalproblemsarepresentedinmultiple-choice
format to reflect the method of testing used in some academic programs and employed on
standardized examinations.
Several features that were introduced in the previous edition have been expanded, namely
‘‘Special Considerations,’’ used to point out the specific relevance of a type of calculation to a
pharmaceuticsorclinicalapplication;‘‘CalculationsCapsules,’’whichpresentboxedsummaries
of the principle calculations in a chapter; and, ‘‘Case in Point,’’ which present practical case
studies requiring pharmaceutical calculations.
Theauthoracknowledgesthedifficultyinarrangingthesequenceofchapterstosuittheorder
used within each academic program. However, an attempt has been made to present a logical
approach by placing the fundamentals of pharmaceutical calculations in the initial chapters,
followedbychaptershavingaclinical-orpatient-carecontext,thenchaptersthataddressformu-
lation and compounding calculations, and, finally, chapters described by some reviewers as
meeting a ‘‘special interest.’’
The concluding section of review problems contains all of the types of problems presented
inthechaptersandmaybeusedbothfor reviewandforcompetencyassessment.Anewsetof
problems titled ‘‘Physicians’ Medication Orders’’ is introduced.
Appendicesincludethecommonsystemsofmeasurementandintersystemconversion,select
graphical methods, and a glossary of pharmaceutical dosage forms and associated routes of
administration.
v
vi PREFACE
New Companion Website
PharmaceuticalCalculations,13thedition,includesadditionalresourcesforbothinstructorsand
students, available on the book’s companion website at http://thePoint.lww.com/Ansel13e.
Resources for Students and Instructors
• InteractivemathcalculationsQuizBank,withmorethan400reviewproblemsanddetailed
solutions.
• Searchable Full Text Online
Seetheinsidefrontcoverformoredetails,includingthepasscodeyouwillneedtogainaccess
to the website.
Acknowledgments
The author gratefully acknowledges the professional contributions to his revision of pharmacy
practitioner-educators Warren Beach, Ted Chaffin, Ken Duke, Elaine Lust, and Flynn Warren
for lending their expertise and time. Gratitude also is extended to Loyd V. Allen Jr. and Shelly
J. Prince for their continued courtesy in allowing liberal use of their work published in the
InternationalJournalofPharmaceuticalCompoundingandinPharmaceuticalCalculations:ThePhar-
macist’s Handbook. The authorthanks Barabara E. Lacher for theidea of incorporating learning
objectives into the textbook and for other instructional materials. The assistance of James T.
Stewart in providing access to current information from the United States Pharmacopeia 31 –
National Formulary 26 is acknowledged with appreciation.
SpecialtributeispaidtothememoryofMitchellJ.Stoklosawhoformorethan50yearsco-
authored and sustained this textbook. He was a scholar, dedicated educator, valued colleague,
delightful human being, and treasured friend.
Gratitude is expressed to the reviewers for this revision whose experience was drawn upon
during the planningprocess. The author appreciates their thoughtfulanalysis and constructive
comments,whichhaveenhancedthiswork.Finally,appreciationisextendedtotheexceptional
peopleatLippincottWilliams&Wilkinsfortheirmasterfuljobinthedesign,preparation,and
production of this revision.
Howard C. Ansel
Athens, Georgia
vii
This page intentionally left blank.
Description:Pharmaceutical calculations / Howard C. Ansel. ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice Arithmetic Symbols . Drug Availability from Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems .
