Table Of ContentPGPR A
MELIORATION IN
S A
USTAINABLE GRICULTURE
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PGPR A
MELIORATION IN
S A
USTAINABLE GRICULTURE
Food Security and Environmental
Management
Edited by
AMIT KISHORE SINGH
AJAY KUMAR
PAWAN KUMAR SINGH
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CONTENTS
ListofContributors xi
Biography xv
1. Ecology and Diversity of Plant Growth Promoting
Rhizobacteria in AgriculturalLandscape 1
AwadheshKumarShukla
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 MicrobialDiversityAnalysis 2
1.3 PlantGrowthPromotingRhizobacteria 3
1.4 Spatio-TemporalChangesandFactorAffectingPGPRDiversity 5
1.5 PhosphateSolubilization 6
1.6 SiderophoreProduction 7
1.7 NutrientExchange 8
1.8 MicroorganismsinAgriculture 8
1.9 FuturePerspective 10
1.10 Conclusions 10
References 11
2. MechanismsofPlant-Microbe Interactions andits Significance
for Sustainable Agriculture 17
PremPratapSingh,AnupamKujur,AmritaYadav,AkshayKumar,
SandeepKumarSinghandBhanuPrakash
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 CataloguingthePlant-MicrobeInteraction 19
2.3 FactorsGoverningPlant-MicrobeInteractions 24
2.4 ApplicationsofPlant-MicrobeInteractions 32
2.5 ConclusionandFuturePerspectives 33
References 34
FurtherReading 39
3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Application
inBiofertilizers and Biocontrol ofPhytopathogens 41
MonikaSingh,DivyaSingh,AkankshaGupta,KapilDeoPandey,
P.K.SinghandAjayKumar
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 PlantGrowthPromotingBacteriaasBiofertilizer 42
v
vi Contents
3.3 MechanismofAction 43
3.4 MicrobialInoculationforthePlantGrowthPromotion 50
3.5 PlantGrowthPromotingBacteriaasBiocontol 56
3.6 Conclusion 57
Acknowledgments 58
References 58
FurtherReading 66
4. PGPR Bioelicitors: Induced Systemic Resistance(ISR)
and Proteomic Perspectiveon Biocontrol 67
PoojaKannojia,KrishnaKumarChoudhary,AkhileshwarKumarSrivastava
andAmitKishoreSingh
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 PGPRasBCAsandtheirModeofActions 68
4.3 ProteomicPerspectiveonBiocontrol 75
4.4 ConclusionandFuturePerspective 76
References 79
FurtherReading 83
5. Amelioration of Salinity Stress by PGPR: ACC Deaminase
and ROS Scavenging Enzymes Activity 85
NidhiBhartiandDeeptiBarnawal
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 SalinityStressandROS 86
5.3 ROSScavenginginPlants 87
5.4 EthyleneinSalinityStress 88
5.5 PlantGrowthPromotingRhizobacteria 90
5.6 FutureProspective 99
Acknowledgments 99
References 99
FurtherReading 106
6. Role ofPlant GrowthPromoting Rhizobacteria in Drought
Tolerance: Regulating Growth Hormones andOsmolytes 107
DeeptiBarnawal,RachnaSinghandRanaP.Singh
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 DroughtAdaptationsbyPlants-MicrobeCombination 109
6.3 MechanismsFollowedbyPlantsforDroughtTolerance 110
6.4 PGPRMediatedPhytohormonesinDroughtMitigation 112
6.5 Osmolytes:BiomoleculestoEndureDroughtStressinPlants 117
Contents vii
6.6 DiversityofOsmoprotectantsAmongPGPR 118
6.7 Conclusion 121
References 121
7. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for Sustainable
Agriculture: Perspectivesand Challenges 129
MahendraPrasad,R.Srinivasan,ManojChaudhary,MukeshChoudhary
andLokeshKumarJat
7.1 Introduction 129
7.2 TheRhizosphere:APlayGroundforPGPRActivities 131
7.3 WhatarePlantGrowthPromotingRhizobacteria 132
7.4 OccurrenceandFormsofPGPR 133
7.5 RoleofPGPRforSustainableAgriculture 134
7.6 FuturePerspectiveandChallenges 145
7.7 ConcludingRemarks 146
Acknowledgements 146
References 146
FurtherReading 157
8. Recent Development of Patent in Indian Scenario
With SpecialReference to Microbial Patents 159
VirendraKumarMishra,HariomVermaandGurudattaSingh
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 WhatCanBePatented? 160
8.3 TypesofPatents 161
8.4 MicrobialPatentsinIndianScenario 161
8.5 StatusofMicrobialPatenting 162
8.6 RequirementsforMicrobiologicalPatentApplication 163
8.7 CriticalIssuesonMicrobialPatents 164
8.8 ConclusionandFutureProspective 165
References 166
FurtherReading 166
9. Evidence for Widespread Microbivory of Endophytic Bacteria
inRoots of Vascular Plants Through Oxidative Degradation
inRoot Cell Periplasmic Spaces 167
JamesF.White,Jr.,MónicaS.Torres,SatishKumarVerma,
MatthewT.Elmore,KurtP.KowalskiandKathrynL.Kingsley
9.1 Introduction 167
viii Contents
9.2 SeedlingSurvey,SeedTransmission,andBacterialDistribution
inSeedlingTissues 169
9.3 EvidenceforMicrobivoryinDiverseVascularPlantFamilies 178
9.4 NuclearColonization 178
9.5 BacterialMovementinPlantCells 179
9.6 BacterialColonizationofSeedlingRootsofPanicumVirgatum 180
9.7 ChangeinBacterialShape 180
9.8 EvidenceforIncreasedNitrogenAssimilationbyBacteriainPlanta 181
9.9 TheLysisProcess 182
9.10 MicrobivoryasaDefensefromParasitismbyEndophyticBacteria 183
9.11 The“RhizophagyCycle”or“RhizophagySymbiosis” 185
9.12 Conclusions 186
Acknowledgments 187
References 188
FurtherReading 193
10.Portraying Rhizobacterial Mechanisms in Drought Tolerance:
AWayForward Toward Sustainable Agriculture 195
ManojKaushal
10.1 Introduction 195
10.2 RhizobacterialMediatedMechanismsofDroughtStressTolerance 196
10.3 ModulationsinPhytohormonalLevels 199
10.4 OsmolyteProductiontoReduceOsmoticStress 202
10.5 AntioxidantDefensiveMachinery 204
10.6 RhizobacterialExopolysaccharidesProduction 206
10.7 VolatileProductioninInducingDroughtTolerance 208
10.8 ProductionandRegulationofStress-ResponsiveGenes 208
10.9 ConclusionandFutureOutlook 209
References 210
11.Isolation andCharacterization of Plant Growth Promoting
Rhizobacteria From MomordicaCharantia L. 217
RituSingh,AjayKumar,MonikaSinghandKapilDeoPandey
11.1 Introduction 217
11.2 MaterialsandMethods 218
11.3 Results 222
11.4 Discussions 230
11.5 Conclusion 235
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
Contents ix
12.Toleranceof Heavy Metal ToxicityUsing PGPR Strains
ofPseudomonas Species 239
SandeepKumarSingh,PremPratapSingh,AkankshaGupta,
AmitKishoreSinghandJitendraKeshri
12.1 Introduction 239
12.2 HeavyMetalsandTheirEffectsonPlantGrowth 240
12.3 PseudomonasSp.inHeavyMetalTolerance 241
12.4 MechanismofHeavyMetalTolerance 242
12.5 FutureProspective 247
Acknowledgments 247
References 248
FurtherReading 252
Index 253
