Petroleum Refining, Volume 1 - Crude Oil, Petroleum Products, Process Flowsheets

473 Pages·1995·21.129 MB·English

by  Wauquier, Jean-Pierre (Eds.)

lnstitut FranCais du Petrole Publications
PETROLEUM REFINING
CRUDE OIL
PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS
PROCESS
Volume 1
FLOWSHEETS
Edited by
Jean-Pierre Wauquier
lnstitut Fraqais du P6trole
Translated from the French
by David H. Smith
t
Editions TECH N If'
25 rue Ginoux, 7501 5 PARIS, FRANCE
Translation of
“Le raffinage du P6trole.
Tome 1. P&role brut. Produits p6troliers.
Sch6mas de fabrication”, 1.-P. Wauquier
0 1994, fditionslechnip, Paris.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mecha-
nical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
0 Editions Technip, Paris, 1995.
Printed in France
ISBN 978-2-71 08-0685-1
Contents
Presentation of the series .............................................................................. VII
Foreword ........................................................................................................ IX
Nomenclature ...................................................................................................... XIX
Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................... XXV
Chapter 1 Composition of Crude Oils
and Petroleum Products
1.1 Pure Components ...................................................................................... 1
...............................................................................
1.1.1 Hydrocarbons 3
..................................................
1.1.2 Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds 8
.....................
1.2 Compounds whose Chemistry is Incompletely Defined 13
1.2.1 Asphaltenes ................................................................................. 13
1.2.2 Resins ........................................................................................... 15
Chapter 2 Fractionation and Elemental Analysis
of Crude Oils and Petroleum Cuts
2.1 Preparatory and Analytical Fractionations .......................................... 17
2.1.1 Distillation ................................................................................... 17
2.1.2 Other Separations ...................................................................... 24
2.2 Elemental Analysis .................................................................................. 27
2.2.1 Some Definitions ......................................................................... 28
2.2.2 Sampling ...................................................................................... 28
2.2.3 Analysis of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen .......................... 28
2.2.4 Oxygen Analysis ......................................................................... 30
2.2.5 Sulfur Analysis ............................................................................ 31
2.2.6 Analysis of Metals in Petroleum Cuts ...................................... 34
XIV C m r s
Chapter 3 Characterization of Crude Oils
and Petroleam Ractions
3.1 Characterization of Crude Oils According to Dominant
.......................
Characteristics Based on Overall Physical Properties 39
3.1.1 Characterizationo f Crude Oils Using Specific Gravities
................................
of a Light Fraction and a Heavy Fraction 40
3.1.2 CharacterizationF actor. Kuop or Watson Factor Kw ............. 40
3.1.3 Characterizationo f a Petroleum Cut by Refractive
...........
Index. Density. and Molecular Weight ( n um ethod) 42
3.2 Characterizationo f Crude Oils and Petroleum Fractions
.................................................................
Based on Structural Analysis 44
.............................................
3.2.1 Analysis by Hydrocarbon Family 44
3.2.2 Characterization of a Petroleum Fraction
by Carbon Atom Distribution ..................................................... 56
3.3 Characterization of Petroleum Fractions
by Chromatographic Techniques ......................................................... 70
3.3.1 Analysis of Permanent Gases and Noncondensable
Hydrocarbons by Gas Phase Chromatography ...................... 70
3.3.2 Analysis of Hydrocarbons Contained in a Gasoline
................................................
by Gas Phase Chromatography 73
3.3.3 Specific Analysis for Normal Paraffins
by Gas Phase Chromatography ................................................ 73
3.3.4 Specific Detectors in Gas Phase Chromatography ................ 76
3.3.5 Analysis by Fluorescent Indicator
........................................................
in Liquid Chromatography 79
3.3.6 Analysis of Aromatics in Diesel Motor Fuels
by Liquid Chromatography ....................................................... 81
3.3.7 SARA Analysis of Heavy Fractions by
.......................................
Preparative Liquid Chromatography 81
3.4 Characterization of Petroleum Fractions
................................................................
Based on Chemical Reactions 83
3.4.1 Bromine Number ........................................................................ 83
............................................................
3.4.2 Maleic Anhydride Value 84
Chapter 4 Methods for the Calculation
of Hydrocarbon Physical Properties
.......
4.1 Characterization Required for Calculating Physical Properties 86
....................................
4.1.1 Characteristics of Pure Hydrocarbons 86
4.1.2 Characterization of Petroleum Fractions ................................ 93
4.1.3 Characterizationo f Mixtures of Pure Hydrocarbons
and Petroleum Fractions (Petroleum Cuts) ............................ 98
4.2 Basic Calculations of Physical Properties .......................................... 106
4.2.1 Properties of Pure Hydrocarbons
and Petroleum Fractions ......................................................... 108
............................................................
4.2.2 Properties of Mixtures 109
.........................................
4.2.3 Principle of Corresponding States 110
............................................................................
4.3 Properties of Liquids 114
.................................
4.3.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Liquids 114
..................................
4.3.2 Thermophysical Properties of Liquids 126
...............................................................................
4.4 Properties of Gases 137
....................................
4.4.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Gases 137
....................................
4.4.2 Thermophysical Properties of Gases 142
........................
4.5 Estimation of Properties Related to Phase Changes 147
.............................
4.5.1 Phase Equilibria for a Pure Hydrocarbon 148
.................................................
4.5.2 Phase Equilibria for Mixtures 150
...........................................................
4.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 152
4.5.4 Estimation of the Properties Used in Determining
....................................................
the Liquid-Liquid Equilibria 168
4.5.5 Estimation of Properties Needed to Determine
.............................................................
LiquidSolid Equilibria 171
Chapter 5 Charactcrirticr of Pctrole-u m Producta for
Energy U8e (Motor Rub Heatin# Rub)
...................
5.1 Properties Related to the Optimization of Combustion 178
......................................
5.1.1 Fundamentals of Thermochemistry 179
5.1.2 Gasoline Combustion and Corresponding
.........................................................................
Quality Criteria 187
5.1.3 Diesel Fuel Characteristics lmposed by its
..............................................................
Combustion Behavior 212
5.1.4 Combustion of Jet Fuels and Corresponding
.........................................................................
Quality Criteria 225
5.1.5 Characteristics of Special Motor Fuels .................................. 230
........................................
5.1.6 Home and Industrial Heating Fuels 232
.......................................................
5.1.7 Properties of Heavy Fuels 235
5.2 Properties Related to Storage and Distribution
..........................................................................
of Petroleum Products 242
5.2.1 Problems Related to the Storage and
...........................................................
Distribution of Gasoline 242
5.2.2 Precautions to Observe for Diesel Fuel Use ......................... 246
5.2.3 Problems Related to Storage
.....................................................
and Distribution of Jet Fuel 250
........................
5.2.4 Problems Related to Storage of Heavy Fuels 252
.............
5.3 Motor Fuels. Heating Fuels and Environmental Protection 252
...................................
5.3.1 Justification for Deep Desulfurization 252
5.3.2 Influence of the Chemical Composition
of Motor Fuels and Heating Oils
.................................................................
on the Environment 258
Chapter 6 Characterlrticr of Non*€bclP etroleum PcoducW
...............................................
6.1 Characteristics of Petroleum Solvents 271
.............................................
6.1.1 Nomenclature and Applications 272
............................
6.1.2 Desired Properties of Petroleum Solvents 273
................................................................
6.2 Characteristics of Naphthas 275
6.3 Characteristics of Lubricants. Industrial Oils
...........................................................................
and Related Products 275
.............................................
6.3.1 Nomenclature and Applications 275
6.3.2 Properties Desired in Lubricants.
.....................................
Industrial Oils and Related Products 281
6.4 Characteristics of Waxes and Paraffins .............................................. 285
..........................
6.4.1 Desired Properties of Waxes and Paraffins 285
6.5 Characteristics of Asphalts (Bitumen) ............................................... 286
.........................................................
6.5.1 Classification of Bitumen 287
..............................................................
6.5.2 Bitumen Manufacture 288
..............................................................
6.5.3 Bitumen Applications 288
....................................................
6.5.4 Desired Bitumen Properties 289
......................................................................................
6.6 Other Products 290
..................................................................................
6.6.1 White Oils 290
6.6.2 Aromatic Extracts .................................................................... 291
6.6.3 Coke ........................................................................................... 292
Chapter 7 Standard8 and Specification8
of Petroleum Products
7.1 Definitions of the Terms Specification and Standard ....................... 293
......................................................
7.2 Organizations for Standardization 294
................................
7.2.1 Recognized Professional Organizations 294
7.2.2 Official Standards Organizations ............................................ 295
..................................
7.3 Evolution of the Standards and Specifications 296
7.4 Specifications forP etroleum Products in France .............................. 297
Chapter 8 Evaluation of Crude Oils
8.1 Overall Physical and Chemical Properties of Crude Oils Related
to Transport. Storage and Price .......................................................... 315
8.1.1 Specific Gravity of Crude Oils ................................................. 315
8.1.2 Crude Oil Pour Point ................................................................ 317
............................................................
8.1.3 Viscosity of Crude Oils 318
8.1.4 Vapor Pressure and Flash Point of Crude Oils ..................... 319
8.1.5 Sulfur Content of Crude Oils ................................................... 320
8.1.6 Nitrogen Content of Crude Oils .............................................. 326
8.1.7 Water, Sediment, and Salt Contents in Crude Oils ............... 326
............................
8.2 TBP Crude Oil Distillation -Analysis of Fractions 331
8.3 Graphical Representation of Analyses
...............................................................
and Utilization of the Results 332
.......................................................
8.3.1 Graphical Representation 332
......................................................................
8.3.2 Using the Curves 335
Chapter 9 Additive# for Motor Fuelm and Lubricants
.........................................................................
9.1 Additives for Casolines 346
.................................................................
9.1.1 Detergent Additives 346
.......................
9.1.2 Additives for Improving the Octane Number 349
.....................................................................
9.1.3 Biocide Additives 351
..................................................................
9.1.4 Antistatic Additives 351
.....................................................................
9.2 Additives for Diesel Fuels 352
9.2.1 Addltlves for Improving the Cetane Number
...........................................................................
of Diesel Fuels 352
.....................................
9.2.2 Detergent Additives for Diesel Fuels 352
9.2.3 Additives for Improving Combustion
.......................
and for Reducing Smoke and Soot Emissions 353
..
9.2.4 Additives for lmproving the Cold Behavior of Diesel Fuel 353
................................................................................
9.2.5 Conclusion 354
.......................................................................
9.3 Additives for Lubricants 354
9.3.1 Additives Modifying the Rheological Properties
....................................................................
of Lubricating Oils 354
...........................................................
9.3.2 Pour Point Depressants 357
....................................
9.3.3 Antioxidant Additives for Lubricants 358
............
9.3.4 Dispersant and Detergent Additives for Lubricants 358
.........................
9.3.5 ExtremePressure and Anti-Wear Additives 362
................................................................................
9.3.6 Conclusion 363
Chapter 10 Introduction to Refining
................................................................
10.1 Historical Survey of Refining 365
............................................................................
10.2 Separation Processes 367
10.2.1 Primary Distillation (Atmospheric Pressure)
...............................................................................
of Crude Oil 367
.....................
10.2.2 Secondary Distillation or Vacuum Distillation 367
10.2.3 Processing Vacuum Residue by Solvent Extraction
..........................................................................
(Deasphalting) 368
...................................................
10.2.4 Other Separation Processes 370
..........................................................................
10.3 Conversion Procqses 370
.....................
10.3.1 Processes for the lmprovement of Properties 371
.............................................................
10.3.2 Conversion Processes 378
..................................................................
10.3.3 Finishing Processes 402
....................................
10.3.4 Environmental Protectlon Processes 404
10.4 The Evolving Refinery Flowscheme .................................................... 406
..............................................
10.4.1 The Refinery from 1950 to 1970 406
10.4.2 The Refining Flow Diagram of the 1980s ............................... 408
10.4.3 The Refining Flowsheet of the 1990s ..................................... 408
10.4.4 The Refining Configuration Beyond the Year 2000 .............. 411
Appendix 1 Principal Characteristics
of Pure Components ......................................................... 415
Appendix 2 Principal Standard Test MethoLls
for Petroleum Products .................................................. 445
References ........................................................................................................... 453
Index .................................................................................................................... 461
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AFNOR Association Fransaise de Normalisation
AFTP Association Fransaise des Techniciens du Petrole
AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AP aniline point
API American Petroleum Institute
AR atmospheric residue
ARDS atmospheric residue hydroconversion
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASVAHL Association pour la Valorisation des Huiles Lourdes
AVL Anstalt fiir VerbrennungskraftmaschinenL ist
BMCI Bureau of Mines Correlation Index
BrN bromine number
BNPet Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole
BP British Pharmacopoeia
BP boiling point
BP British Petroleum Corporation
BS bright stock (heavy lubricating stock)
BSI British Standards Institution
BTS low sulfur content (busse teneur en souhe)
BTH benzothiophenes
BTX benzene - toluene - xylenes
BWR Benedict-Webb-Rubin (equation of state)
CCAI calculated carbon aromaticity index
CCEICEC Commission des CommunautCs Europ&nnes/
Commission of the European Communities
CCI calculated cetane index
ccs
cold cranking simulator
CEE/EEC CommunautC honamique EuropCennel
European Economic Community
CEC Coordinating European Council for the Development of
Performance Tests for Lubricating Oils and Motor Fuels
CEI/IEC Commission fhctrotechnique Internationale/
International Electrotechnical Commission
CEN ComitC Europkn de Normalisation/
European Committee for Standardization
CENELEC ComitC EuropCen de Normalisation
des Industries Electriques
CEP car efficiency parameter
CFPP cold filter plugging point
CFR (motor) Cooperative Fuel Research
CI cetane index
CN cetane number
CI1 calculated ignition index
CLO clarified oil (catalytic cracking)
CNOMO ComitC de Normalisation des Moyens de Production
CONCAWE Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe
COSTALD Corresponding States Liquid Density
CPDP Centre Professionnel du Petrole
CRC Coordinating Research Council
CSR Chambre Syndicale du Raffinage
cx aerodynamic coefficient (automobile)
DAB dialkylbenzenes
DAO deasphalted oil
DBTH dibenzothiophenes
DEA diethanolamine
AR100 RON-MON of the fraction distilled at 100°C
DHYCA Direction des Hydrocarbures et des Carburants
(French Ministry of Industry)
DI diesel index
DII diesel ignition improvers
DIN Deutsches Institiit fiir Normung