Table Of ContentPetroleum Production Technology
采油技术
Changhong Gao
高长虹
Responsible Editor: Qunxia Wan
图书在版编目(CIP)数据
采油技术 = Petroleum Production Technology: 英文版 / 高长虹著. —北京：科学出版社, 2018. 4
Ⅰ. ①采… Ⅱ. ①高… Ⅲ. ①石油开采–基本知识–英文 Ⅳ. ①TE35
中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2018)第072947号
Published by Science Press
16 Donghuangchenggen North Street
Beijing 100717, P. R. China
Printed in Beijing
Copyright© 2017 by Science Press
ISBN 978-7-03-057210-3
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
About the Author
Changhong Gao received his degrees in petroleum
engineering from China University of Petroleum, University of
Tulsa, and Curtin University. He worked for Sinopec as a field
engineer and research engineer. He also taught various petroleum
engineering courses at United Arab Emirates University,
University of Aberdeen, and Petroleum Institute of Abu Dhabi.
His teaching and research interests include production system
design, enhanced oil recovery, and drilling mud. He has
published more than 30 journal papers and presented a few papers at SPE and APPEA
conferences. In 2013, he was elected Taishan Scholar by Shandong province
government, as well as Yellow River Delta Scholar by Dongying city government.
The author can be contacted at: [email protected]
Preface
After some years of experiences in both university and industry, the author
realizes there is a demand for a book that covers the complete petroleum production
chain.
This book covers the most important aspects of petroleum production technology.
Chapter 1 and chapter 2 present properties of oil, gas, and reservoir rock. Chapter 3
introduces mechanisms of primary recovery, secondary recovery, and enhanced oil
recovery. Chapter 4 presents equations that govern fluid flow in reservoir. Chapter 5
introduces onshore and offshore facilities for drilling and production. Chapter 6
presents options for lower and upper completions. Chapter 7 introduces well
productivity index and inflow performance relationship. Chapter 8 presents
single-phase flow and multiphase flow in wells, as well as nodal analysis technique for
production optimization. Chapter 9 introduces artificial lift methods, including sucker
rod pump, gas lift, and electrical submersible pump etc. Chapter 10 presents techniques
for well stimulation, namely acidizing and fracturing. Chapter 11 and chapter 12
introduce common production problems and remediation techniques, such as sand,
scale, wax, hydrate and asphaltene. Chapter 13 presents separation and treatment for oil,
gas, and water.
After reading this book, the readers gain valuable knowledge in modern
production technology in the most concise and straightforward manner, without
struggling through tedious and excessive descriptions. A few illustrative examples are
included to make theories easy to understand. This book serves as a textbook for
students studying petroleum engineering, as well as a reference book for engineers in
petroleum industry.
The Author is grateful for the financial support from Shandong province
government through the prestigious Taishan Scholar program. Dongying city
government also provided financial support through Yellow River Delta Scholar
program.
rof. Yongho
·ii· Petroleum Production Technology
Contents ·iii·
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Properties of Oil and Gas ........................................................................ 1
1.1 Phase behavior ............................................................................................... 2
1.2 Properties of natural gas ................................................................................ 5
1.2.1 Gas equation of state ............................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Gas compressibility ................................................................................ 9
1.2.3 Gas formation volume factor ................................................................. 10
1.2.4 Gas viscosity ........................................................................................ 10
1.3 Properties of crude oil ................................................................................. 12
1.3.1 Oil density ........................................................................................... 12
1.3.2 Solution gas oil ratio ............................................................................. 13
1.3.3 Oil formation volume factor .................................................................. 14
1.3.4 Oil viscosity ......................................................................................... 16
1.4 Fluid sampling ............................................................................................. 17
Chapter 2 Properties of Reservoir Rock ................................................................ 20
2.1 Basic petroleum geology ............................................................................. 20
2.2 Porosity ........................................................................................................ 22
2.3 Absolute permeability ................................................................................. 24
2.4 Fluid Saturation ........................................................................................... 29
2.5 Surface tension and interfacial tension ........................................................ 30
2.6 Wettability ................................................................................................... 30
2.7 Capillary action ........................................................................................... 33
2.8 Capillary pressure ........................................................................................ 34
2.9 Relative permeability ................................................................................... 39
2.10 Electrical conductivity ............................................................................... 43
2.11 Rock sampling ........................................................................................... 44
Chapter 3 Reservoir Recovery Mechanisms ......................................................... 48
3.1 Field life cycle ............................................................................................. 48
3.2 Primary recovery mechanisms ..................................................................... 50
3.2.1 Rock and liquid expansion drive ............................................................ 50
3.2.2 Solution gas drive ................................................................................. 50
3.2.3 Gas cap drive ....................................................................................... 51
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3.2.4 Aquifer drive ........................................................................................ 53
3.2.5 Combination drive ................................................................................ 54
3.3 Secondary recovery methods ....................................................................... 55
3.4 Enhanced oil recovery ................................................................................. 62
3.4.1 Thermal methods .................................................................................. 62
3.4.2 Miscible gas flood ................................................................................ 63
3.4.3 Chemical methods ................................................................................ 66
Chapter 4 Fluid Flow in Reservoir ........................................................................ 71
4.1 Basic concepts ............................................................................................. 71
4.2 Basic diffusivity equation ............................................................................ 72
4.3 Linear flow under steady state ..................................................................... 75
4.3.1 Steady-state linear flow of incompressible fluid ....................................... 75
4.3.2 Steady-state linear flow of slightly compressible fluid .............................. 76
4.3.3 Steady-state linear flow of compressible gases ........................................ 77
4.4 Radial flow under steady state ..................................................................... 80
4.4.1 Steady-state radial flow of incompressible fluid under .............................. 80
4.4.2 Steady-state radial flow of compressible gases ........................................ 84
4.5 Fluid flow under pseudo-steady state .......................................................... 86
Chapter 5 Drilling and Production Facilities ........................................................ 90
5.1 Drilling rigs ................................................................................................. 90
5.2 Drilling systems ........................................................................................... 93
5.2.1 Rotary drive and top drive ..................................................................... 93
5.2.2 Drill string ........................................................................................... 95
5.2.3 Mud circulation .................................................................................... 97
5.2.4 Blowout preventer ................................................................................ 97
5.2.5 Casing program .................................................................................... 98
5.3 Offshore production structures .................................................................. 100
Chapter 6 Well Completion .................................................................................. 108
6.1 Lower completion ...................................................................................... 108
6.1.1 Open-hole completion ......................................................................... 108
6.1.2 Cased-hole completion ......................................................................... 112
6.1.3 Choice of lower completion .................................................................. 112
6.1.4 Cementing a cased well ........................................................................ 113
6.1.5 Perforating a cased well ....................................................................... 118
Contents ·v·
6.2 Upper completion ...................................................................................... 122
6.2.1 Options for upper completion .............................................................. 122
6.2.2 Christmas tree and tubing hanger ......................................................... 124
6.2.3 Safety valve ....................................................................................... 127
6.2.4 Production packer ............................................................................... 129
6.2.5 Smart completion ............................................................................... 130
Chapter 7 Well Inflow Performance .................................................................... 132
7.1 Well productivity index ............................................................................. 132
7.2 Vogel IPR ................................................................................................... 133
7.3 Fetkovich IPR ............................................................................................ 140
7.4 Productivity of Horizontal Wells ............................................................... 141
Chapter 8 Fluid Flow in Wells and Nodal Analysis ............................................ 147
8.1 Single-phase flow in pipes ......................................................................... 147
8.2 Multiphase flow concept ........................................................................... 150
8.3 Multiphase flow models ............................................................................ 155
8.4 Tubing performance relationship ............................................................... 161
8.5 Nodal analysis for production system........................................................ 163
Chapter 9 Artificial Lift Methods ........................................................................ 167
9.1 Sucker rod pump ........................................................................................ 167
9.2 Gas lift ....................................................................................................... 172
9.2.1 Gas lift system .................................................................................... 172
9.2.2 Well unloading and kick-off ................................................................ 174
9.3 Electrical submersible pump ..................................................................... 179
9.4 Other artificial lift methods ....................................................................... 182
9.5 Discussions ................................................................................................ 186
Chapter 10 Acidizing and Fracturing .................................................................. 187
10.1 Formation damage and skin factor .......................................................... 187
10.2 Fracturing ................................................................................................ 190
10.2.1 Fracture pressure .............................................................................. 190
10.2.2 Fracturing fluid and proppants ........................................................... 192
10.2.3 Models of fracture geometry .............................................................. 193
10.3 Matrix acidizing ....................................................................................... 195
Chapter 11 Sand Control ...................................................................................... 199
11.1 Grain size distribution .............................................................................. 199
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11.2 Gravel pack .............................................................................................. 202
11.3 Screens ..................................................................................................... 203
11.3.1 Wire-wrapped screens ....................................................................... 203
11.3.2 Premium screens ............................................................................... 205
11.3.3 Pre-packed screens ............................................................................ 206
11.3.4 Expandable screens ........................................................................... 207
Chapter 12 Flow Assurance ................................................................................... 211
12.1 Scale ......................................................................................................... 211
12.2 Waxes ...................................................................................................... 213
12.3 Asphaltenes.............................................................................................. 216
12.4 Hydrates ................................................................................................... 218
12.4.1 Types of hydrates .............................................................................. 219
12.4.2 Hydrate prevention ........................................................................... 222
12.4.3 Removal of hydrate plug ................................................................... 224
Chapter 13 Separation and Treatment ................................................................ 226
13.1 Separator configurations .......................................................................... 226
13.2 Theories of separation ............................................................................. 231
13.2.1 Terminal velocity .............................................................................. 231
13.2.2 Gas capacity constraint ...................................................................... 232
13.2.3 Retention time requirement ................................................................ 233
13.2.4 Oil pad thickness .............................................................................. 234
13.2.5 Water phase thickness ....................................................................... 235
13.2.6 Slenderness ratio ............................................................................... 236
13.3 Separator sizing ....................................................................................... 236
13.4 Gas treatment ........................................................................................... 237
13.4.1 Gas dehydration ................................................................................ 237
13.4.2 Gas compression ............................................................................... 239
13.4.3 Downstream gas processing ............................................................... 240
13.5 Oil dehydration ........................................................................................ 241
13.6 Water treatment ........................................................................................ 241
Main References ....................................................................................................... 243
Appendix A ................................................................................................................ 245
