Table Of ContentMuhammed Mazeel
Petroleum Fiscal Systems
and Contracts
DiplomicaVerlag
Muhammed Mazeel
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
ISBN: 978-3-8366-3852-4
Herstellung: Diplomica® Verlag GmbH, Hamburg, 2010
Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte,
insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, des Vortrags, der Entnahme von
Abbildungen und Tabellen, der Funksendung, der Mikroverfilmung oder der
Vervielfältigung auf anderen Wegen und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen,
bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Eine Vervielfältigung
dieses Werkes oder von Teilen dieses Werkes ist auch im Einzelfall nur in den Grenzen
der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland in der jeweils geltenden Fassung zulässig. Sie ist grundsätzlich
vergütungspflichtig. Zuwiderhandlungen unterliegen den Strafbestimmungen des
Urheberrechtes.
Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in
diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme,
dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei
zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürften.
Die Informationen in diesem Werk wurden mit Sorgfalt erarbeitet. Dennoch können
Fehler nicht vollständig ausgeschlossen werden und der Verlag, die Autoren oder
Übersetzer übernehmen keine juristische Verantwortung oder irgendeine Haftung für evtl.
verbliebene fehlerhafte Angaben und deren Folgen.
© Diplomica Verlag GmbH
http://www.diplomica-verlag.de, Hamburg 2010
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
CONTENTS
1 CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM FISCAL SYSTEMS....8
2 PROJECT EVALUATION....................................................37
3 CONTRACTS.......................................................................44
4 GOVERNMENT AND OPERATOR TAKES, COSTS AND
TAXES..................................................................................69
5 PROJECT ECONOMICS.....................................................82
6 FINANCE............................................................................106
7 TAXES................................................................................121
8 FIELD DEVELOPMENT PLANNING.................................141
9 GEOPOTENTIAL OF THE GLOBAL EXPLORATION
MARKET............................................................................155
10 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PETROLEUM FISCAL SYSTEMS
............................................................................................159
11 HIGH RISK COUNTRIES...................................................290
REFERENCES..........................................................................362
APPENDICES...........................................................................364
1
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Classification of petroleum fiscal systems 8
Figure 1.2 Detailed classification of petroleum fiscal systems 10
Figure 1.3 Typical project contract conditions 11
Figure 1.4 Example concessionary system flow diagram 14
Figure 1.5 Example calculation of government and contractor take
15
Figure 1.6 Basic equations for royalty/tax systems 16
Figure 1.7 Concessionary system structure from the oil company
perspective 17
Figure 1.8 Basic equations for contractual systems 19
Figure 1.9 Example production sharing contract flow diagram 20
Figure 1.10 Production sharing contract structure from the
contractor’s perspective 21
Figure 1.11 Sample rate of return contract cash flow projection 23
Figure 1.12 Sample sliding scale royalty 26
Figure 1.13 Joint venture structure with a PSC 33
Figure 1.14 Typical joint venture in Russia 35
Figure 1.15 Three phase technical assistance contract (TAC) 36
Figure 2.1 Allocation of revenues from production 42
Figure 2.2 Tax Base Spectrum 43
Figure 4.1 Government and Contractor take 71
Figure 4.2 Division of the costs and profit 71
Figure 4.3 Changing fiscal terms 72
Figure 5.1 Profitability measures 88
Figure 5.2 Sensitivities of fiscal model 91
Figure 5.3 Influence diagram for typical stages in project
development 92
Figure 5.4 Value of information to demonstrate commerciality 94
Figure 5.5 Value of information for development optimization 95
Figure 5.6 Comparing options 96
Figure 5.7 Project definition 98
Figure 5.8 Cost probability curves 100
Figure 5.9 Accuracy of estimates through project development
101
Figure 6.1 Hierarchy of legislation and contractual agreements 107
2
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
Figure 7.1 UK tax regime 123
Figure 8.1 Legal framework 142
Figure 8.2 PDO approval flow chart 145
Figure 8.3 PDO approval administrative process 145
Figure 10.1 Azerbaijani fiscal regime 174
Figure 10.2 Dubai fiscal regime 201
Figure 10.3 Egypt fiscal regime 207
Figure 10.4 Example Iraqi service contract 228
Figure 10.5 Ireland fiscal regime 232
Figure 10.6 Libyan fiscal regime 235
Figure 10.7 Malta fiscal regime 242
Figure 10.8 Morocco fiscal regime 246
Figure 10.9 Norway fiscal regime 260
Figure 10.10 Russian fiscal regime 267
Figure 11.1 Plentiful reserves in Iraq - oil comes to the surface in
many places 291
Figure 11.2 Location of auctioned licenses (map printed in The
Wall Street Journal) 323
Figure 11.3 Oil refinery near the village of Taq Taq in the
autonomous Iraqi region of Kurdistan 332
Figure 11.4 Production profile example for West Qurna 1 340
Figure 11.5 Comparison of Bid and Peter Wells' estimates of most
likely production profile for West Qurna 1 341
Figure 11.6 Iraqi crude oil production 343
Figure 11.7 Crude price variation 348
Figure 11.8 Cash flow for the TSC for West Qurna 1 (after Peter
Wells) 357
Figure 11.9 Cash flow for the KRG PSC for West Qurna 1 (after
Peter Wells) 357
Figure 11.10 Relative sensitivity of the TSC and the KRG PSC to
oil price (after Peter Wells) 358
3
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
TABLES
Table 4.1 Contractor take, cost recovery limits and government
participation rates 74
Table 5.1 Present value of one time payment 87
Table 9.1 Recoverable conventional oil by region 156
Table 9.2 Examples of block sizes worldwide 158
Table 11.1 Main commercial terms of the Shamaran PSC for
Pulkhama oil field (after Peter Wells) 338
Table 11.2 Comparison of main terms of the TSC and the KRG
PSC (after Peter Wells) 356
4
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank all the people who gave me their time and
their views on this book. I am particularly grateful for the helpful
suggestions, reviews and comments received from Rod Searle
and many others.
This book is the result of long years of work and experience in
different countries and fields. Special thanks are due to my small
family for the support to continue to write books and publications
which comes exclusively from them.
The revenue from this book will be donated to the sick cancer
children and help organizations.
Dr Muhammed Mazeel
5
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
INTRODUCTION
This book has been written for those interested in petroleum
taxation and international negotiations, and the way to carry out
successful exploration and development projects. It examines the
petroleum fiscal systems that apply in different countries across
the world and how these systems govern the economics of
exploration and development for oil and gas. Examples are
included to give the reader a wide perspective on the
implementation of fiscal systems.
The petroleum fiscal system for a country is a combination of the
taxation structure established by legislation, together with the
contractual framework under which an international oil company
operates with the host government. Fiscal systems vary widely
between countries and in some countries there is more than one
system. The taxation structure may, for example, include royalty
payments. The contractual framework may be based on
concessionary arrangements or on service and production sharing
agreements.
The different types of fiscal system are classified and the factors
in these systems that govern exploration and development
economics are identified. The practical aspects of petroleum
taxation and the relationships between oil companies and
governments are examined in detail in a chapter that focuses on
the resultant contractor and government take under different fiscal
regimes. This book also provides descriptions of how exploration
development project economics are calculated and how projects
are planned and financed. Legal and operational aspects of
contractual and fiscal terms are also considered. Topics are
addressed from both industry and government viewpoints to give
an understanding of the aims and concerns of both sides.
Much of the material provided here was inspired by questions
most frequently asked on the subject. The best answers are
supported with specific examples and many of these are used
throughout the book.
6
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
The summaries and analyses of various fiscal terms and contract
conditions are believed to be accurate, and every practicable
effort has been made to gather up-to-date information about the
current conditions in the countries cited. Examples of fiscal terms
used here are drawn from numerous public sources. Confidential
information has been carefully excluded.
A glossary is provided to help with industry jargon and non-
standardised terminology which can obscure some of the simple
concepts covered in this book.
7
Petroleum Fiscal Systems and Contracts
1 CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM FISCAL
SYSTEMS
Petroleum fiscal systems whereby the owner of mineral resources
receives levies from the extraction company can be classified into
two main categories These are concessionary systems and
contractual systems as shown in Figure 1-1.
Petroleum Fiscal Systems
Concessionary Systems Contractual Systems
Service Production Sharing
Agreements Agreements
Pure Service Risk Service
Agreements Agreements
Figure1.1 Classification of petroleum fiscal systems
(Ref. 7)
In most countries, except the United States of America, the owner
of the mineral resources is the government. In the USA, the
owners are private individuals or companies that pay taxes on
production to the state.
Worldwide, every country has developed its own petroleum fiscal
systems to be applied. Under concessionary systems, the
government will transfer title of the oil and gas to a company if
they are produced. The producing company then pays royalties
and taxes.
Contractual systems are in most cases either production sharing
agreements or service contracts. The private companies under
8
