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Petroleum Engineer’s Guide
to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids
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Petroleum Engineer’s
Guide to Oil Field
Chemicals and Fluids
Johannes Karl Fink
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Gulf Professional Publishing is an Imprint of Elsevier
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Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK
First edition 2012
© 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333;
email:
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Contents
Preface xxi
1. Drilling Muds
Classification of Muds 2
Dispersed Noninhibited Systems 4
Phosphate-treated Muds 4
Lignite Muds 4
Quebracho Muds 5
Lignosulfonate Muds 5
Lime Muds 5
Sea Water Muds 5
Nondispersed Noninhibited Systems 5
Low-solids Fresh Water Muds 6
Variable Density Fluids 6
Gas-based Muds 7
Drill-in Fluids 7
Mud Compositions 7
Inhibitive Water-based Muds 7
Water-based Muds 8
Oil-based Drilling Muds 12
Synthetic Muds 13
Inverted Emulsion Drilling Muds 15
Foam Drilling 18
Chemically Enhanced Drilling 18
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Drilling 19
Additives 19
Thickeners 19
Lubricants 21
Bacteria 22
Corrosion Inhibitors 23
Viscosity Control 24
Clay Stabilization 24
Formation Damage 24
Shale Stabilizer 24
Fluid Loss Additives 26
Scavengers 28
Surfactants 29
v
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vi Contents
Hydrate Inhibitors 30
Weighting Materials 30
Organoclay Compositions 32
Miscellaneous 34
Multicomponent Additives 36
Cleaning Operations 36
Cuttings Removal 36
Junk Removal 37
Filter Cake Removal 37
Drilling Fluid Disposal 38
Toxicity 38
Conversion Into Cements 39
Environmental Regulations 40
Characterization of Drilling Muds 40
Viscosity 40
API Filtration 40
Alkalinity and pH 41
Total Hardness 41
Roller Oven 41
References 42
Tradenames 55
2. Fluid Loss Additives
Mechanism of Action of Fluid Loss Agents 61
Action of Macroscopic Particles 61
Action of Cement Fluid Loss Additives 62
Testing of Fluid Loss Additives 63
Formation Damage 63
Reversible Gels 64
Bacteria 64
Inorganic Additives 64
Bentonite 64
Sodium Metasilicate 65
Ultra-fine Filtrate-Reducing Agents 65
Bridging Agents for Fluid Loss Control 65
Organic Additives 67
Tall Oil Pitch 67
Mercaptans for Iron Control 69
Polysaccharides 70
Cellulose-based Fluid Loss Additives 70
Starch 71
Borate Crosslinkers 75
Guar 76
Succinoglycan 77
Polyether-modified Polysaccharides 77
Scleroglucan 78
Gellan 78
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Contents vii
Humic Acid Derivates 78
Oil-based Well Working Fluids 79
Lignosulfonates 79
Synthetic Polymers 82
Polyorthoesters 82
Polyhydroxyacetic Acid 83
Polydrill 84
Latex 85
Polyvinyl Alcohol 87
Polyethyleneimine 88
Acrylics 88
Silicones 93
Phthalimide as a Diverting Material 94
Special Applications 95
References 106
Tradenames 114
3. Clay Stabilization
Properties of Clays 125
Swelling of Clays 127
Montmorillonite 130
Guidelines 130
Mechanisms Causing Instability 131
Kinetics of the Swelling of Clays 131
Hydrational Stress 131
Borehole Stability Model 132
Shale Inhibition with Water-based Muds 132
Inhibiting Reactive Argillaceous Formations 132
Thermal Treatment to Increase the Permeability 132
Formation Damage by Fluids 133
Formation Damage in Gas Production Shut-in 133
Swelling Inhibitors 133
Salts 133
Quaternary Ammonium Salts 134
Potassium Formate 135
Saccharide Derivatives 136
Sulfonated Asphalt 136
Grafted Copolymers 137
Polyoxyalkylene Amines 137
Anionic Polymers 139
Amine Salts of Maleic Imide 139
Comparative Study 139
Test Methods 142
Shale Erosion Test 142
Hassler Cell 142
References 143
Tradenames 147
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viii Contents
4. Lubricants
Synthetic Greases 149
Base Fluids 150
Extreme Pressure Agents 151
Anti-seize Agents 152
Anti-wear Additives 153
Metal Deactivators 154
Solubility Aids 154
Antioxidants 154
Base stocks 154
Lubricant Compositions 154
Molybdenum disulfide 154
Polarized Graphite 155
Ellipsoidal Glass Granules 156
Calcium-Sulfonate-based Greases 156
Paraffins 157
Olefins 157
Phospholipids 157
Alcohols 158
Ethers 161
Esters 162
Polymers 165
Starch 166
Amides 171
Special Issues 172
Side Reactions 172
Silicate-Based Muds 172
Studies on Pipe Sticking 174
Differential Sticking Reducer 174
References 174
Tradenames 183
5. Bacterial Control
Mechanisms of Growth 185
Growth of Bacteria Supported by Oil Field Chemicals 185
Mathematical Models 186
Detection of Bacteria 187
Sulfate-reducing Bacteria 190
Bacterial Corrosion 191
Mechanisms of Microbial Corrosion 191
Corrosion Monitoring 193
Assessment of the Activity of Biocides 194
Synergistic Action of Biocides 195
Treatments with Biocides 196
Previously Fractured Formations 196
Intermittent Addition of Biocide 196
Nonbiocidal Control 196
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Contents ix
Biocides 197
Various Biocides 198
References 209
Tradenames 216
6. Corrosion Inhibitors
Classification of Corrosion Inhibitors 218
Fields of Application 218
Acidization 219
Oil Storage Tanks 219
Pipelines 220
Production Wells 220
Scale Removal Treatments Using Acids 220
Application Techniques 220
Batch Versus Continuous Application 220
Emulsions 221
Application in Solid Form 221
Characterization 221
Dye Transfer Method 221
Liquid Chromatography 222
Thin Layer Chromatography 222
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 222
Corrosion Tests 222
Side Effects 223
Stabilizer for Emulsions 223
Antisynergism with Alcohols 223
Synergism with Surfactants 223
Interactions with Kinetic Gas Hydrate Inhibitors 224
Effect of Flow on Inhibitor Film Life 224
Inhibitor Chemicals 225
Amides and Imidazolines 225
Salts of Nitrogenous Bases 228
Nitrogen Quaternaries 228
Polyoxylated Amines, Amides, and Imidazolines 229
Mercaptan Modified Products 229
Nitrogen Heterocyclics 233
Carbonyl Compounds 236
Silicate-based Inhibitors 237
Thioacetals 237
Miscellaneous Inhibitors 239
Antimony Halides 239
Aldol-amine Adducts 239
Encapsulated Types 241
Anti-biofoulant Corrosion inhibitors 241
Formic Acid Free Formulation 242
Intensifiers 242
References 244
Tradenames 252
