Pests and Their Management

1075 Pages·2018·42.12 MB·English

by  Omkar

Omkar Editor
Pests and
Their
Management
Pests and Their Management
Omkar
Editor
Pests and Their
Management
Editor
Omkar
Department of Zoology
University of Lucknow
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
ISBN 978-981-10-8686-1 ISBN 978-981-10-8687-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018943288
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Preface
India is primarily an agrarian country. Its population has already crossed the limit of
1.25 billion and is increasing exponentially. The global human population has also
crossed 7.5 billion and is ever increasing. It is likely to cross the mark of 9.5 billion
by 2050. Most of the increase is taking place in countries, which are already starv-
ing on account of infertile land and arid climate. On the other hand, the land avail-
able for agriculture is shrinking day by day with development, industrialization, and
urbanization. This is also engulfing the forest cover in the country, adding the prob-
lems of environmental degradation, soil degradation, ozone layer depletion, and
climate change. This is further putting great pressure on our agriculture. The need
of the hour is to somehow increase the agricultural production to feed the increasing
population. But change in climate, unusual/poor rains, pests, and plant diseases ulti-
mately affect the agricultural production. Pests are any organisms whose population
increases above a certain level to cause economic damage to our standing crops,
fruit trees, other beneficial plants, livestock, and stored products. Significant losses
in agricultural production cause economic losses annually by various crop diseases
and pests, besides other abiotic factors. To achieve the objective of increased agri-
cultural production, chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been utilized in bulk.
The use of these agrochemicals though has given immediate relief by increasing
crop production but has added to our problems by decreasing soil fertility, increas-
ing soil salinity, deteriorating environmental quality, development of resistance in
pest species, resurgence of new pest species, etc.
Thus it was lately realized that we have to shift our focus and change our strate-
gies of pest and disease management for increasing the crop production. But the
most vital point to achieve the goal is to know and understand the pest species, their
host plants, distribution, basic biology, behavior, and nature of damage by different
pests to different crops. This has led to genesis of this book Pests and Their
Management. Though several books are available on this topic, my attempt has been
to provide a comprehensive book covering the pests of agricultural, horticultural,
and other cash crops, and at the same time covering the pests of seed spices and
medicinal and aromatic plants. The present book has been organized in sections like
Pests of Agricultural Crops, Polyphagous Pests, Pests of Horticultural Crops, Pests
of other crops/plants, and at the end there is a chapter on Insect Pest Management.
Under each pest category, the information has been given on their taxonomic posi-
tion, distinctive features, distribution, host plants, biology, nature of damage,
v
vi Preface
control measures of specific pest types, and also crop-specific integrated pest
management.
I am quite hopeful that the present volume will not only cater to the needs of
graduate students in the universities but would also be quite useful to teachers, agri-
culturists, and all those involved in agricultural policy planning.
I am highly thankful to all specialists and contributors who readily agreed to
contribute their respective chapters on my telephonic calls. Not only this, they have
also modified their contributions time to time on my suggestions in record time in
spite of their busy and hectic schedules.
I am really grateful to my research team members: Dr. Geetanjali Mishra
(Associate Professor of Zoology), Mr. Shashwat Singh, Mr. Desh Deepak
Chaudhary, Ms. Swati Saxena, Ms. Apoorva Shandilya, Ms. Priya Singh, and Ms.
Chandani Verma for their constant support throughout the planning and execution
of this project. I am also thankful to my wife, Ms. Kusum Upadhyay, for constant
encouragements and sacrifice by sparing me for this work. I am also thankful to Dr.
Mamta Kapila, Ms. Raman Shukla, Ms. Aakanksha Tyagi, and Joseph Daniel from
Springer for their constant encouragement and follow-up which helped me to com-
plete the work in time.
Lucknow, India Omkar
March 2017
Contents
1 Pests and Their Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Omkar
Part I Agricultural Crops
2 Pests of Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Neha Bhatt, Sonia Joshi, and S. N. Tiwari
3 Pests of Maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Pradyumn Kumar, Jaswinder Kaur, S. B. Suby, J. C. Sekhar,
and Soujanya P. Lakshmi
4 Pests of Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Neeta Gaur and Swathi Mogalapu
5 Pests of Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Hem Saxena, Sanjay Bandi, and M. Devindrappa
6 Pests of Soybean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Neeta Gaur and Swathi Mogalapu
7 Insect Pests of Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Neha Kunjwal and Ravi Mohan Srivastava
8 Management of Pests of Oilseed Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
H. Basappa and P. Duraimurugan
9 Pests of Sugarcane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
M. V. Geetha, M. Kalyanasundaram, J. Jayaraj, M. Shanthi,
V. A. Vijayashanthi, D. Hemalatha, and K. Karthickraja
10 Pests of Stored Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Arun Kumar Tripathi
11 Insect Pests of Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
T. P. Rajendran, Ajanta Birah, and Prasad S. Burange
vii
viii Contents
Part II Horticultural Crops
12 Pests of Mango . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Poluru Venkata Rami Reddy, B. Gundappa,
and A. K. Chakravarthy
13 Pests of Banana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
B. Padmanaban
14 Pests of Apple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Akhtar Ali Khan, Abdul Rouf Wani, Farooq Ahmad Zaki,
R. K. Nehru, and S. S. Pathania
15 Pests of Guava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Baradevanal Gundappa, M. Balaji Rajkumar, Shivshankar Singh,
and S. Rajan
16 Pests of Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
N. S. Kulkarni
17 Pests of Citrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
C. N. Rao and Anjitha George
18 Pests of Jackfruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
M. Balaji Rajkumar, B. Gundappa, Manish Mani Tripathi,
and S. Rajan
Part III M edicinal Crops
19 Pests of Walnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Akhtar Ali Khan and Ajaz Ahmad Kundoo
20 Pests of Indian Tea Plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Ananda Mukhopadhyay, Soma Das, and Kumar Basnet
21 Pests of Seed Spices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Krishna Kant and Siya Ram Meena
22 Pests of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Arun Kumar Tripathi
Part IV P olyphagous Pests & Management Practices
23 Locusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Mohd. Kamil Usmani and Shahnila Usmani
24 Aphids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
S. Chakrabarti
Contents ix
25 Termites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
N. G. Kumar
26 Rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
G. Govinda Raj
27 Insect Pest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Bhupendra Kumar and Omkar
Contributors
M. Balaji Rajkumar ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sanjay Bandi Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses
Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
H. Basappa ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad, Telangana,
India
Kumar Basnet Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of
North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
Neha Bhatt Department of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
Ajanta Birah ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management,
IARI Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Prasad S. Burange Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, Punjab, India
S. Chakrabarti Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar College,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
A. K. Chakravarthy Division of Entomology and Nematology, ICAR-Indian
Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Soma Das Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of
North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
M. Devindrappa Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses
Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
P. Duraimurugan ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India
Neeta Gaur Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
M. V. Geetha Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
xi