Pesticides: Problems, Improvements, Alternatives

269 Pages·2003·1.82 MB·English

PESTICIDES
Problems, Improvements, Alternatives
PESTICIDES
Problems, Improvements, Alternatives
Edited by
Frank den Hond, Peter Groenewegen and
Nico M. van Straalen
Blackwell
Science
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Contents
Contributors’ Biographical Notes vii
Acknowledgements xii
List of Reviewers xiii
Preface xv
1 Questions Around the Persistence of the Pesticide Problem 1
Frank den Hond, Peter Groenewegen and Nico M. van Straalen
2 An Agricultural Vision 16
Paul C. Struik and Martin J. Kropff
3 The Authorisation of Pesticides in the Light of Sustainability 31
Elizabeth Vogelezang-Stoute
4 Innovation in the Agrochemical Industry 53
Frank den Hond
5 Regulatory Science in an International Regime: An Institutional 77
Analysis
Alan Irwin and Henry Rothstein
6 Farmers’ Agrochemical Use Decisions and the Potential of Efficiency 87
and Innovation Offsets
Ada Wossink and Tanja de Koeijer
7 Variations in Agricultural Practice and Environmental Care 100
Geert R. de Snoo
8 Assessing the Environmental Performance of Agriculture: Pesticide 113
Use, Risk and Management Indicators
Kevin Parris and Yukio Yokoi
9 Integrated Assessment of Pesticides: Methods for Predicting and 135
Detecting Environmental Risks in a Safety Net
Harrie A.J. Govers, Pim de Voogt, Pim Leonards, André van Roon and
Onno Kwast
vi Contents
10 Site-Specific Pest Management 155
Scott M. Swinton
11 New Biotechnology, Crop Protection and Sustainable Development 169
Susan Carr
12 European Food Industry Initiatives Reducing Pesticide Use 199
Nicolien M. van der Grijp
13 Impact of International Policies (CAP) and Agreements (WTO) on 221
the Development of Organic Farming
David Barling
14 Integration: Learning to Solve the Pesticide Problem 241
Peter Groenewegen, Frank den Hond and Nico M. van Straalen
Index 252
Contributors
DavidBarlingisaseniorlecturerinFoodPolicyattheInstituteofHealthSciencesat
CityUniversity,LondonEC10HB.Hehaspublishedonaspectsofthegovernanceof
food and agriculture, notably the regulation of genetic modification throughout the
foodchain.HeismemberofthejointSustainandtheUKFoodGroupworkinggroup
onagricultureandtradepolicy.(SustainandtheUKFoodGrouparetwoumbrella
organisations representing over 100 food and agriculture and development NGOs.)
SusanCarrisaseniorlecturerattheOpenUniversityintheUK,writingonsystems
management, farmland conservation management, environmental decision making
and ethics. She has co-ordinated a series of research projects on the regulation of
genetically modified crops in the European Union, with funding from the EU and
fromtheUK’sEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil.Shehasbeenamemberofa
governmentForesightworkinggrouponsustainabilityindicatorsforthefoodchain.
ShecanbecontactedattheOpenUniversity,FacultyofTechnology,MiltonKeynes
MK7 6AA, UK.
HarrieA.J.GoversworksattheUniversityofAmsterdam,DepartmentofEnviron-
mental and Toxicological Chemistry, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Dynamics, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. He has
been a full-time professor of environmental chemistry since 1988. He has published
widely on the physical, theoretical, analytical and biochemistry of organic
micropollutantsandtheirenvironmentalfate.Hisspecialinterestisthepredictionof
environmental chemistry properties required for fate models.
Nicolien M. van der Grijp is a researcher at the Institute for Environmental Studies.
AfterhavingcompletedherstudiesinDutchLaw,shecompletedtheAcademicProfes-
sional Training in Environmental Management (UBM). Her current research work
focusesontwodistinctfields:theimplementationofenvironmentalpolicyoftheEuro-
pean Union, and the mechanisms that influence environmental performance within
national and international product chains, especially in the food sector. She can be
contacted at Vrije Universiteit, Institute for Environmental Studies, De Boelelaan
1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
viii Contributors
Peter Groenewegen is associate professor of organisation theory. He has done
research in technology assessment in crop protection and materials technology. He
haspublishedoncorporateenvironmentalstrategyandinnovationnetworks.Hecan
be contacted at Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Social and Cultural Sciences, Depart-
ment of Public Administration and Communication Science, De Boelelaan 1081c,
1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Frank den Hond is assistant professor of competitive and corporate strategy in a
recentlyestablishedprogrammeonPolicy,CommunicationandOrganisation.Hehas
publishedoncorporateenvironmentalstrategyandinnovationintheautomotiveand
agrochemical industries. He can be contacted at the Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of
SocialandCulturalSciences,DepartmentofPublicAdministrationandCommunica-
tion Science, De Boelelaan 1081c, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
AlanIrwinisprofessorofsociologyintheDepartmentofHumanSciencesatBrunel
University,WestLondon.HisbooksincludeSociologyandtheEnvironment(Polity
Press 2001) and Citizen Science (Routledge 1995). He was co-editor (with Brian
Wynne)ofMisunderstandingScience?(CambridgeUniversityPress).AlanIrwinhas
research interests in environmental sociology, public understanding of science, and
scienceandtechnologypolicy.HecanbecontactedattheFacultyofArtsandSocial
Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
TanjadeKoeijeriswiththeNaturePolicyAssessmentOffice,POBox47,6700AA
Wageningen,Netherlands.Herspecialinterestconcernstheeconomicaspectsofwild-
lifeconservationbyfarmers.ShereceivedherPhDinAgriculturalandEnvironmental
Sciences from production Wageningen University, Netherlands.
MartinJ.Kropffgraduatedin1976attheStateUniversityofUtrechtandobtained
his PhD in 1989 at Wageningen University. From 1984 onwards he was assistant
professor,workingoncrop–weedinteractionsandmodellingtheeffectsofairpollut-
antsoncrops.During1991–95hewassenioragroecologistattheInternationalRice
ResearchInstituteinThePhilippineswherehewasactiveinthefieldofcropmodel-
ling and weed ecology. Since 1995 he has been full professor at the Wageningen
University on crop ecology and weed science and since 1997 also director of the
graduate school for production ecology and resource conservation. He is currently
Director-General of the Division of Plant Sciences of Wageningen University and
Research Centre, president of the European Weed Research Society and editor of
WeedResearchandAgriculturalSystems.Hehas(co-)authoredover80publications
in international journals and over ten books. Martin Kropff can be contacted at
Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Crop and Weed Ecology
Group, Haarweg 333, 6709 RZ Wageningen, Netherlands.
Contributors ix
Onno Kwast is at the University of Amsterdam, Department of Environmental and
Toxicological Chemistry, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics,
NieuweAchtergracht166,1018WVAmsterdam,Netherlands.Heparticipatedasa
masterstudentofenvironmentalchemistry.
PimLeonardsisattheNetherlandsInstituteforFisheriesResearch(RIVO),POBox
68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, Netherlands. He published his PhD thesis in the area of the
analysis, food chain transfer and critical levels of PCBs in mustelids.
Kevin Parris has been working as an economist at the Environment Division of the
OECDAgricultureDirectorate,2rueAndréPascal,75016Paris,France,since1984,
on policy analysis and developing agri-environmental indicators. He received his
education at the University of Reading and obtained his PhD in agricultural
economics. He worked previously at the Universities of Aberystwyth, Oxford and
Reading;theUKForeignOffice;UNCTAD;FAO;andonsecondmentfromOECD
withtheAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomics,ACT,Australia.
AndrévanRoonisattheUniversityofAmsterdam,DepartmentofEnvironmentaland
ToxicologicalChemistry,InstituteforBiodiversityandEcosystemDynamics,Nieuwe
Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands. His special interest concerns
theriskevaluationandpredictionofbiodegradationrateconstantsoforganicpesti-
cides originating from the biogenesis by plants.
HenryRothsteinisattheLondonSchoolofEconomics,CentreforAnalysisofRisk
andRegulation,HoughtonStreet,LondonWC2A2AE,UK.Hismainresearchinter-
ests are on risk regulation regimes and in particular the role of public opinion, the
media, interest groups and regulatory professionals in shaping risk policy. Recent
publications include The Government of Risk (Oxford University Press 2001) with
ChristopherHoodandRobertBaldwin,andarticlesinjournalsincludingPublicLaw,
Administration and Society, andHealth, Risk and Society.
GeertR.deSnooisatLeidenUniversity,CentreofEnvironmentalScience,POBox
9518,2300RALeiden,Netherlands.Heisassociateprofessorandheadofthesection
EcosystemsandEnvironmentalQuality.Hehaspublishedwidelyonaspectsofinte-
gratingbiodiversity(floraandfauna),environment(pesticides)andagriculture(costs
and perceptions).
Nico M. van Straalen is professor of animal ecology at the Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, Netherlands, where he teaches Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and
Ecotoxicology. He is interested in ecological risk assessment of soil pollution and
in particular the mechanisms of genetic adaptation to heavy metals in springtails,
a group of primitive insects. He supervises a research group on ecology of soil
invertebrates, in which projects are conducted on soil function, nutrient cycling,
x Contributors
effects of heavy metals and the relationship between biodiversity and community
structure. He is also interested in studies of communication between science and
policy, especially regarding risk assessment techniques using species sensitivity
distributions.
Paul C. Struik (1954) graduated in 1978 and obtained his PhD in 1983, both
at Wageningen University. From 1982 onwards he was associate professor of
Wageningen University, working on physiology of tuberisation and tuber growth
in potato. Since September 1986 he has been full professor in crop and grassland
science.Currentlyhehasachairincropphysiology.Heissecretary/treasurerofthe
EuropeanAssociationforPotatoResearch,co-ordinatingeditorofPotatoResearch
andtheNetherlandsJournalofAgriculturalScience,andeditorofAnnalsofApplied
Biology.Since1982,hehas(co-)authoredover120publicationsininternationaljour-
nals and several books. Paul Struik can be contacted at Wageningen University,
DepartmentofPlantSciences,CropandWeedEcologyGroup,Haarweg333,6709
RZ Wageningen, Netherlands.
ScottM.SwintonisassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofAgriculturalEconomics
at Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824–1039, USA. His research
focuses on agricultural production economics and environmental management. He
has published widely on the economics of technologies and policies related to pest
management and precision agriculture.
Elizabeth M. Vogelezang-Stoute works as a researcher at the Centre for Environ-
mental Law of the University of Amsterdam, Postbus 1030, 1000 BA Amsterdam,
Netherlands.Shespecialisesinpesticideslawandiswritingherdissertation,whichis
acomparativelawstudyontheauthorisationofpesticides.Thisstudyisacontinua-
tion of an earlier research project she did at the Centre for Environmental Law,
togetherwithChemistrySciences.ShehaspublishedwidelyonEuropeanCommunity
and national (Dutch) pesticides law and annotates case law on this subject.
Yukio Yokoi is deputy director in the Fruits and Flower Division of the Ministry
of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1–2–1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.HereceivedhiseducationatCornellUniversity(MPSininternationalagricul-
ture and rural development) and Tokyo University (BS in agricultural chemistry).
He worked previously in the OECD Agriculture Directorate and the Environment
Agency of Japan.
PimdeVoogtisassociateprofessorattheUniversityofAmsterdam,Departmentof
Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry, Institute for Biodiversity and Eco-
systemDynamics,NieuweAchtergracht166,1018WVAmsterdam,Netherlands.His
researchinterestsareenvironmentalchemistryofpersistentorganiccompoundsand
their transformation products, structure–activity relationships and development of
methods for their identification and quantification.
Contributors xi
AdaWossinkisanassociateprofessorinthedepartmentofAgricultural&Resource
Economics at North Carolina State University, Department of Agricultural &
ResourceEconomics,Raleigh,NC27695–8109,USA.ShereceivedherPhDinAgri-
culturalandEnvironmentalSciencesfromWageningenAgriculturalUniversityinThe
NetherlandsandisaFulbrightAlumnus.Herresearchinterestisintheeconomicsof
production and environmental management in agriculture.