Pesticides in the Natural Environment: Sources, Health Risks, and Remediation

618 Pages·2022·26.036 MB·English

by  Pardeep Singh, Suruchi Singh, Mika Sillanpää

Pesticides in the Natural Environment
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Pesticides in the
Natural Environment
Sources, Health Risks, and Remediation
Edited by
Pardeep Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies,
PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Suruchi Singh
Assistant Professor, Sunbeam College for Women,
Varanasi, India
€€
Mika Sillanpaa
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering,
University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
Elsevier
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Contents
Contributors...................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1: Classification of pesticides and loss of crops due to creepy crawlers.........1
Mohd Ashraf Dar and Garima Kaushik
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................1
2 Crop losses due to pests.........................................................................................2
3 Pesticide classification............................................................................................4
4 Classification based on chemical structure............................................................7
5 Organochlorine pesticides (OCP)...........................................................................7
6 Organophosphate pesticides (OPP)........................................................................9
7 Carbamate pesticides............................................................................................10
8 Pyrethroid pesticides.............................................................................................12
9 Classification based on mode of entry.................................................................14
9.1 Systematic pesticides...........................................................................................14
9.2 Contact pesticides................................................................................................14
9.3 Fumigants.............................................................................................................14
9.4 Stomach poisons and toxicants...........................................................................15
9.5 Repellents.............................................................................................................15
10 Classification based on target pest.......................................................................15
11 Based on pesticide toxicity...................................................................................15
12 Pesticide contamination, implications, and environmental impacts....................17
13 Summary...............................................................................................................18
References...................................................................................................................19
Chapter 2: Ecological impacts of pesticides on soil and water ecosystems
and its natural degradation process....................................................................23
Mathiyazhagan Narayanan, Sabariswaran Kandasamy, Zhixia He, and Suresh Kumarasamy
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................23
2 Persistence and circulation of pesticides in the ecosystem...................................25
3 Bioaccumulation of chemical pesticides in the food cycle...................................26
4 Pesticides and their mode of action.......................................................................26
4.1 Action on nerve and muscle................................................................................26
4.2 Target on growth inhibition................................................................................27
4.3 Target on the energy source................................................................................27
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Contents
4.4 Bioprocessing of pesticides in animals...............................................................27
4.5 Pesticide impacts on soil ecosystem...................................................................28
4.6 Pesticide impacts on water ecosystem................................................................29
4.7 Impacts of pesticides on human health...............................................................32
4.8 Familiar pesticides and their health effects........................................................33
4.9 Natural degradation process................................................................................35
4.10 Detoxification of pesticides by bacteria..............................................................35
4.11 Enzymes involved in biodegradation of pesticides............................................41
4.12 Phases of metabolism involved in degradation and detoxification
of toxic metabolite...............................................................................................43
5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................45
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................45
References...................................................................................................................46
Chapter 3: Fate and assessment of pesticide in aquatic ecosystem.........................51
Yong Chen and Steplinpaulselvin Selvinsimpson
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................51
2 Sources, forms, and occurrence of pesticides in the ecosystem............................53
3 Environmental fate of pesticides............................................................................55
4 Factors that influence the assessment of aquatic pesticide pollution....................58
5 Future recommendations........................................................................................60
6 Conclusion..............................................................................................................60
References...................................................................................................................61
Chapter 4: Fate and adverse effects of pesticides in the environment.....................65
Roberto Rico-Mart´ınez, Jes´us Alvarado-Flores, Ignacio Alejandro P(cid:1)erez-Legaspi,
Carlos Vicente Garza-Le´on, Olga Lidia Rivera-D´avila, Gustavo Emilio Santos-Medrano,
Daniel Robles-Vargas, and Ana Laura Carbajal-Hern´andez
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................65
2 Mechanisms involved in the determination of the initial fate of a
pesticide in the environment..................................................................................66
3 Transport of pesticides in the environment...........................................................67
3.1 Transport in the atmosphere..................................................................................67
3.2 Soil transport..........................................................................................................68
3.3 Transport of pesticides to water reservoirs...........................................................71
4 Use of pesticides worldwide..................................................................................72
4.1 Countries that have banned the application of any of the
pesticides analyzed................................................................................................73
5 Impact of pesticide on the soil microbiology........................................................74
5.1 Pesticides in the soil: Application rates and legislation.......................................74
5.2 The microbiological diversity of the soil and pesticides......................................75
5.3 Consequences of pesticide contamination in the soil...........................................76
5.4 Interaction pesticides—Microorganisms: Bioremediation
and biodegradation................................................................................................77
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Contents
5.5 Adverse effects of pesticides on microorganisms present in the soil..................79
5.6 Other effects..........................................................................................................80
6 Pesticides and the response of plants.....................................................................83
6.1 Plants and pests: Pests as pesticides?....................................................................84
6.2 Allelopathy.............................................................................................................87
6.3 Herbivore-induced plant volatiles.........................................................................87
7 Pesticides toxicity on nontarget terrestrial organisms...........................................89
7.1 Pollinators............................................................................................................89
7.2 Bees......................................................................................................................89
7.3 Wasps...................................................................................................................90
7.4 Parasitoids............................................................................................................90
7.5 Ants......................................................................................................................91
7.6 Butterflies.............................................................................................................91
7.7 Beetles..................................................................................................................92
7.8 Arthropod predators.............................................................................................93
7.9 Silkworms............................................................................................................93
7.10 Earthworms..........................................................................................................94
7.11 Moths...................................................................................................................94
7.12 Birds.....................................................................................................................95
7.13 Mammals in general............................................................................................95
8 Pesticides impact on aquatic ecosystems...............................................................96
8.1 Atrazine................................................................................................................96
8.2 Butachlor..............................................................................................................96
8.3 Carbaryl...............................................................................................................99
8.4 Carbofuran...........................................................................................................99
8.5 Cypermethrin.....................................................................................................100
8.6 Chlorpyrifos.......................................................................................................100
8.7 Dimethoate.........................................................................................................101
8.8 Fipronil...............................................................................................................101
8.9 Glyphosate.........................................................................................................102
8.10 Malathion...........................................................................................................102
9 Perspectives and future research..........................................................................105
References.................................................................................................................106
Chapter 5: Towards understanding the impact of pesticides
on freshwater ecosystem.................................................................................121
Sami Ullah Bhat, Zareena Akhter, Mir Rohi Neelofar, and Umara Qayoom
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................121
2 Routes of aquatic pesticide pollution...................................................................123
3 Impact of pesticide pollution on aquatic ecosystem............................................123
4 Impact of pesticides on water quality..................................................................128
5 Impact of pesticides on flora of aquatic ecosystem.............................................129
6 Impact of pesticides on fauna of aquatic ecosystem...........................................130
7 Specific impacts of different categories of pesticides on aquatic fauna.............132
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Contents
8 Response to the risks of use of pesticides...........................................................133
9 Conclusion............................................................................................................134
References.................................................................................................................135
Chapter 6: Persistence of pesticides and their impacts on human
health and environment..................................................................................139
Priyanka Singh, Gurudatta Singh, Anubhuti Singh, and Virendra Kumar Mishra
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................139
2 Classification of pesticide....................................................................................141
3 The fate of pesticides in the environment............................................................143
3.1 Pesticides in environment....................................................................................143
3.2 Pesticides in food.................................................................................................146
3.3 Pesticides in water...............................................................................................148
4 Pesticide affecting human health.........................................................................150
4.1 Assessment of general human health..................................................................150
4.2 Women.................................................................................................................151
4.3 Children...............................................................................................................153
5 Conclusion............................................................................................................154
6 Future prospective................................................................................................155
References.................................................................................................................156
Chapter 7: Health risk...................................................................................163
Erika Djangalina, Nazym Altynova, Natalya Mit, and Leyla Djansugurova
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................163
2 Evaluation of the effect of pesticides on genotoxicity, mutagenicity,
and carcinogenicity in laboratory conditions.......................................................164
3 Evaluation of pesticide genotoxicity using cytogenetic markers........................170
4 Impacts of pesticide residues on food safety.......................................................175
5 Effects of pesticides on human health.................................................................180
6 Pesticide exposure risk assessment......................................................................183
6.1 Sparling: The regulatory framework for assessing risks to
human health and environmental issues presented by shows............................183
6.2 Consumption rate.................................................................................................186
6.3 Estimation of dietary exposure............................................................................186
6.4 Risk characterization...........................................................................................187
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................189
References.................................................................................................................189
Chapter 8: Neurodevelopmental and reproductive impacts of pesticides
on pregnant women........................................................................................199
Javid Manzoor, Junaid Ahmad Malik, and Khursheed Ahmad Wani
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................199
2 Effect on health and reproductive life.................................................................200
3 Neurodevelopmental effects of OP pesticides.....................................................201
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Contents
4 Concerns at both high and low OP exposures.....................................................202
5 Summary...............................................................................................................204
References.................................................................................................................204
Chapter 9: Pesticides and human health: The noxious impact on maternal
system and fetal development..........................................................................209
Ananya Shukla, Suramya Malhotra, Megha Kumar, and Neha Singla
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................209
2 History of pesticides.............................................................................................210
3 Toxicity of common pesticides............................................................................211
3.1 Organophosphorous pesticides (OPs)..................................................................211
3.2 Carbamates...........................................................................................................211
3.3 Organochlorines pesticides (OCs).......................................................................212
3.4 Pyrethrins and pyrethroids...................................................................................212
4 Prevention of pesticide exposure.........................................................................213
5 Adverse effect on human health and fetal development.....................................213
5.1 Eyes......................................................................................................................214
5.2 Lungs....................................................................................................................214
5.3 Brain.....................................................................................................................215
5.4 Digestive system..................................................................................................215
5.5 Reproductive system............................................................................................216
5.6 Maternal health....................................................................................................217
5.7 The placental barrier in pregnant women...........................................................217
5.8 Fetal development................................................................................................218
6 Conclusion............................................................................................................221
7 Future prospects....................................................................................................221
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................221
References.................................................................................................................221
Chapter 10: Сytogenetical bioindication of pesticidal contamination.....................227
Oksana Cherednichenko, Anastassiya Pilyugina, and Serikbai Nuraliev
1 Introduction...........................................................................................................227
2 Chromosomal disorders........................................................................................228
2.1 People...................................................................................................................229
2.2 Agricultural animals............................................................................................232
2.3 Laboratory animals..............................................................................................235
3 Micronuclear analysis...........................................................................................237
3.1 Micronuclear analysis and cytological disorders in nuclear
erythrocytes of animals.......................................................................................239
3.2 Micronuclear analysis and cytological disturbances in the
erythrocytes of peripheral blood of mammals and human.................................244
4 Plant test systems..................................................................................................247
5 Comet-test.............................................................................................................251
6 Problems and prospects of cytogenetic bioindication.........................................253
References.................................................................................................................255
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