Table Of ContentPESTICIDES IN
THE MODERN WORLD –
PESTS CONTROL AND
PESTICIDES EXPOSURE AND
TOXICITY ASSESSMENT
Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva
Pesticides in the Modern World –
Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment
Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2011 InTech
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First published September, 2011
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Pesticides in the Modern World – Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure
and Toxicity Assessment, Edited by Margarita Stoytcheva
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-457-3
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Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Biocontrol of Pests 1
Chapter 1 Using Ecological Knowledge and Molecular Tools
to Develop Effective and Safe Biocontrol Strategies 3
Martina Köberl, Elshahat M. Ramadan,
Bettina Roßmann, Charles Staver, Michael Fürnkranz,
Birgit Lukesch, Martin Grube and Gabriele Berg
Chapter 2 Development of RNAi in Insects
and RNAi-Based Pest Control 27
Guang Yang, Minsheng You,
Liette Vasseur, Yiying Zhao and Chunhui Liu
Chapter 3 Evaluation of Plant Extracts on Mortality and Tunneling
Activities of Subterranean Termites in Pakistan 39
Sohail Ahmed, Mazhar Iqbal Zafar, Abid Hussain,
Muhammad Asam Riaz and Muhammad Shahid
Chapter 4 Botanical Insecticides and Their Effects
on Insect Biochemistry and Immunity 55
Arash Zibaee
Chapter 5 The Production, Separation and Stability of Pyoluteorin:
A Biological Pesticide 69
Wei Wang, Hui Dong, Jingfang Zhang,
Yuquan Xu and Xuehong Zhang
Chapter 6 Using the Bio-Insecticide Bacillus
Thuringiensis Israelensis in Mosquito Control 93
Després Laurence, Lagneau Christophe and Frutos Roger
Chapter 7 Screening of Biocontrol Agents Against
Rhizoctonia solani Causing Web Blight
Disease of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 127
Sevugaperumal Ganesan and Rajagobal Sekar
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Optimization of the Strategy
for Recombinant Baculovirus Infection
of Suspended Insect Cells 141
Guohong Zhou, Youhong Zhang and Yujie Ke
Part 2 Pesticides Biomarkers 159
Chapter 9 Pesticide Biomarkers 161
Rojas-García AE, Medina-Díaz IM, Robledo-Marenco ML,
Barrón-Vivanco BS and Pérez-Herrera N
Chapter 10 Biological Markers of Human Exposure to Pesticides 191
Manel Araoud
Chapter 11 Pesticide Biomarkers in Terrestrial Invertebrates 213
Juan C. Sanchez-Hernandez
Chapter 12 Biomarkers of Pesticide
- Contaminated Environment 241
O. Otitoju and I.N.E. Onwurah
Chapter 13 Fish Cholinesterases as Biomarkers
of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides 253
Caio Rodrigo Dias Assis, Ranilson Souza Bezerra
and Luiz Bezerra Carvalho Jr
Chapter 14 The Effects of Pesticides on Dictyostelium Cholinesterase,
from Basic to Applied Research 279
Andrea Amaroli
Part 3 Pesticides Toxicity 295
Chapter 15 Molecular Mechanisms of Pesticide Toxicity 297
Olfa Tebourbi, Mohsen Sakly and Khémais Ben Rhouma
Chapter 16 Structural and Dynamic Basis of Serine Proteases from
Nematophagous Fungi for Cuticle Degradation 333
Shu-Qun Liu, Lian-Ming Liang, Tao Yan,
Li-Quan Yang, Xing-Lai Ji, Jin-Kui Yang,
Yun-Xin Fu and Ke-Qin Zhang
Chapter 17 The Effects of Pyrethroid
and Triazine Pesticides on Fish Physiology 377
Josef Velisek, Alzbeta Stara and Zdenka Svobodova
Chapter 18 Genotoxicity Testing in Pesticide Safety Evaluation 403
Gargee Mohanty, Jyotirmayee Mohanty,
Shubha Dipta Jena and S.K. Dutta
Contents VII
Chapter 19 Gene Expressions of the Dhb, Vtg, Arnt, CYP4,
CYP314 in Daphnia magna Induced by Toxicity
of Glyphosate and Methidathion Pesticides 427
Thai-Hoang Le, Jiho Min, Sung-Kyu Lee and Yang-Hoon Kim
Chapter 20 Challenges of Anticoagulant Rodenticides:
Resistance and Ecotoxicology 441
Philippe Berny
Chapter 21 Morphogenetic Activities of Bendiocarb as Cholinesterase
Inhibitor on Development of the Chick Embryo 469
Eva Petrovova, Lenka Luptakova, David Mazensky,
Jan Danko and David Sedmera
Chapter 22 Age-Related Differences in Acetylcholinesterase
Inhibition Produced by Organophosphorus
and N-Methyl Carbamate Pesticides 495
Virginia C Moser
Chapter 23 Side-Effects of Pesticides on the Pollinator Bombus:
An Overview 507
Veerle Mommaerts and Guy Smagghe
Chapter 24 Chemical Control of Spiders
and Scorpions in Urban Areas 553
Eduardo Novaes Ramires, Mario Antonio Navarro-Silva
and Francisco de Assis Marques
Chapter 25 Pesticide-Derived Aromatic Amines
and Their Biotransformation 601
Jean-Marie Dupret, Julien Dairou, Florent Busi,
Philippe Silar, Marta Martins, Christian Mougin,
Fernando Rodrigues-Lima and Angelique Cocaign
Preface
Volume 5 of the book series “Pesticides in the Modern World” is a collection of
selected original research articles and reviews dedicated to the following main topics:
biocontrol of pests, pesticides biomarkers, and pesticides toxicity.
The first section (Chapters 1-8) covers a large spectrum of issues associated with the
ecological, molecular, and biotechnological approaches to the understanding of the
biological control, the mechanism of the biocontrol agents action, and the related
effects.
Three examples, given in Chapter 1, illustrate the development of effective and safe
biocontrol strategies, namely: control of soil-borne pathogens on medical plants under
organic conditions in Egypt, control of fungal pathogens in banana in Uganda, and
control of a multi-species disease in the Styrian oilseed pumpkin. In Chapter 2 is
summarized the current knowledge on RNA interference research on insects, and the
potential application of RNAi in integrated pest management. Using of plant extracts
for termites repelling in Pakistan is the subject of Chapter 3. The effects of botanical
insecticides on digestive and on detoxifying enzymes, as well as on the immunological
system of insects are discussed in Chapter 4. Useful data for the further development
of Pseudomonas spp. cultivation process in the large-scale production and the
commercial use of the biological pesticide pyoluteorin are provided in Chapter 5. The
action of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins after ingestion by mosquito larvae and
the diversity of mechanisms involved in mosquito resistance are described in Chapter
6. The results of the screening of biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia solani causing
web blight diseases of groundnut are reported in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8 are
presented experimental data helpful for the optimization of the process of
development of the insect-specific baculoviruses, used as biological insecticides.
The second book section (Chapters 9-14) provides recent information on biomarkers
research for pesticides exposure assessment. The biomarkers currently used to
evaluate pesticide exposure, effects, and the genetic susceptibility of aquatic
organisms, terrestrial invertebrates and human populations are revised in Chapters 9-
11. Some antioxidant enzymes and vitamins as biochemical markers for pesticide
toxicity are examined in Chapter 12. The inhibition of the cholinesterases as a specific
biomarker for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides is commented in Chapters 13
and 14.
X Preface
The third book section addresses a variety of pesticides toxic effects and related issues.
Chapter 15 is intended to summarize the increasing data regarding the molecular
mechanisms involved in pesticides-induced toxicity, with relevance to the progression
of the most frequent diseases. Several three-dimensional structural models of cuticle-
degrading serine proteases secreted by nematophagous fungi, helpful for exploiting
these enzymes as effective bio-control agents are described in Chapter 16.
Investigations on fish histopathological, physiological, and DNA changes induced by
pesticides exposure are reported in Chapters 17 and 18, thus contributing to the
understanding of the toxicological risks caused by pesticides to ecosystems. Data
presented in Chapter 19 demonstrate the hazardous effects of the pesticides
glyphosate and methidathion on D. magna by studying the changes in the gene
expressions of five stress responsive genes, including Dhb, Arnt, Vtg, CYP4, and
CYP314. Chapter 20 provides details on anticoagulant rodenticides mode of action and
on the strategies for evaluating and managing pesticides resistance in rodents. The
potential of the cholinesterase inhibiting organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides
is discussed in Chapters 21 and 22. A comprehensive overview of the side-effects of
pesticides including discussion on the testing strategies employed to evaluate
pesticide compatibility on bumblebees is provided in Chapter 23. The effects of
pesticides on spiders and scorpions, the techniques applied for chemical control of
arachnids, and the biology of these arthropods are reviewed in Chapter 24. The
metabolic fate of xenobiotics such as pesticide-derived aromatic amines and the
strategies for bioremediation of contaminated soils are discussed in Chapter 25.
The adequate and up-to-date information related to pesticides control, assessment,
and toxicity provided in this book should be of interest for specialists, involved in pest
control decisions.
Thanks are extended to each of the authors for their efforts in contributing the series
“Pesticides in the Modern World”.
Margarita Stoytcheva
Mexicali, Baja California
Mexico
