Pesticides: Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides

392 Pages·2016·16.08 MB·English

PESTICIDES – ADVANCES IN
CHEMICAL AND BOTANICAL
PESTICIDES

Edited by R.P. Soundararajan
Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2609
Edited by R.P. Soundararajan

Contributors
Malaya Ranjan Mahananda, Bidut Prava Mohanty, María Inés Maitre, Alba Rut Rodríguez,
Carolina Elisabet Masin, Tamara Ricardo, Erin N. Wakeling, April P. Neal, William D. Atchison,
Ahmed S. Abdel-Aty, Svetlana Hrouzková, Eva Matisová, Raymond A. Cloyd, Binata Nayak,
Shantanu Bhattacharyya, Jayanta K. Sahu, Dipsikha Bora, Bulbuli Khanikor, Hiren Gogoi, Simon
Koma Okwute, Rosdiyani Massaguni, Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip, Annick Tahiri, Jackie Stevens,
Kerry Dunse, Jennifer Fox, Shelley Evans, Marilyn Anderson, Tatiana Baidyk, Oleksandr
Makeyev, Ernst Kussul, Marco Antonio Rodríguez Flores, Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Esmeralda
Rodríguez-Miranda, Gabriel Herrera-Pérez, Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi

Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team

First published July, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Pesticides – Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides, Edited by R.P. Soundararajan
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0680-7

Contents

Preface IX
Section 1 Pesticide Toxicity 1
Chapter 1 Toxicity on Biochemical and Hematological
Parameters in Bufo melanostictus (Schneider)
(Common Indian Toad) Exposed to Malathion 3
Malaya Ranjan Mahananda and Bidut Prava Mohanty
Chapter 2 Evaluation of Earthworms Present on Natural and
Agricultural-Livestock Soils of the Center Northern
Litoral Santafesino, República Argentina 13
María Inés Maitre, Alba Rut Rodríguez,
Carolina Elisabet Masin and Tamara Ricardo
Chapter 3 Pyrethroids and Their Effects on Ion Channels 39
Erin N. Wakeling, April P. Neal and William D. Atchison
Chapter 4 Non-Traditional Pesticidally Active Compounds 67
Ahmed S. Abdel-Aty
Chapter 5 Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides 99
Svetlana Hrouzková and Eva Matisová
Chapter 6 Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies 127
Raymond A. Cloyd
Chapter 7 Photosynthetic Response
of Two Rice Field Cyanobacteria to Pesticides 151
Binata Nayak, Shantanu Bhattacharyya and Jayanta K. Sahu
Section 2 Botanical Pesticides and Pest Management 169
Chapter 8 Plant Based Pesticides: Green Environment
with Special Reference to Silk Worms 171
Dipsikha Bora, Bulbuli Khanikor and Hiren Gogoi
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Plants as Potential Sources of Pesticidal Agents:
A Review 207
Simon Koma Okwute
Chapter 10 Neem Crude Extract as Potential Biopesticide for Controlling
Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata 233
Rosdiyani Massaguni and Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip
Chapter 11 Evaluation of Combretum micranthum G. Don
(Combretaceae) as a Biopesticide Against Pest Termite 255
Annick Tahiri
Chapter 12 Biotechnological Approaches for
the Control of Insect Pests in Crop Plants 269
Jackie Stevens, Kerry Dunse, Jennifer Fox,
Shelley Evans and Marilyn Anderson
Chapter 13 Limited Receptive Area
Neural Classifier for Larvae Recognition 309
Tatiana Baidyk, Oleksandr Makeyev,
Ernst Kussul and Marco Antonio Rodríguez Flores
Section 3 Biomarkers in Pesticide Assay 327
Chapter 14 Evolution and Expectations of
Enzymatic Biosensors for Pesticides 329
Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Esmeralda Rodríguez-Miranda
and Gabriel Herrera-Pérez
Chapter 15 Relationship Between Biomarkers
and Pesticide Exposure in Fishes: A Review 357
Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi

Preface

Since the synthesis of DDT during 1874 several insecticide molecules have been
identified and synthesized globally for the control of insect pests, pathogens, microbes,
vectors of human and animal diseases, weeds and other obnoxious organisms.
Currently, 1.8 billion kgs of pesticides are used annually worldwide in the form of
herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. There are more than 1055 active ingredients
registered as pesticides till date implying that there is no best alternate for the
chemical pesticide. Pesticides are credited to save millions of lives by controlling
diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever, which are insect-borne. However, pesticide
exposure causes variety of adverse health effects and environmental pollution.
Alternate methods and restricted use of pesticide can minimize the risk of pesticide
usage. In agricultural pest management the use of plant based products and research
works on identification of toxic principles in the plant parts are worthwhile.
This book volume comprises of three different sections of which first section is on
Pesticide Toxicity with seven chapters. The section covers the mode of action of
pyrethroid group compounds, toxic effects of malathion on Indian toads and status of
farmers’ friend ‘earthworm’ in soils of natural and agriculture-livestock fields. In
addition, the toxicity of pesticides on cyanobacteria and natural enemies, some of non-
traditional pesticide compounds are also elaborately described. The second section of
the volume deals with botanical pesticides and pest management in six chapters.
Recently the pest management packages for agricultural and horticultural crops are
formulated with non-chemical approach by including botanical and microbial
pesticides. Biotechnological and molecular approaches are recent advancement in pest
management. This section is mainly focused on plants and plant products having
pesticidal principles and biotechnological approaches for insect pest management. An
interesting technique of LIRA to recognize insect larval density in the field as forecast
for applying pesticide and other management tactics is also included in this section.
The third section deals with biomarkers in the pesticide assay in two chapters.
Recently biomarkers are used for pesticide assays. Biosensors are innovative
components used to determine quantitative and qualitative parameters of pesticide
compounds and the detection is fast, reliable and with high portability.
I hope that this volume comprising the current status of pesticides with relevance to
pesticide toxicity, non-chemical pest management strategies and scope for biomarkers
X Preface

for pesticides assays will provide a significant insight to the scientists involved in
pesticide research. I appreciate all the authors for their valuable contribution.
I am indebted to Professor K.Gunathilagaraj, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
India for his inspiration and eminent guidance to hone my skills in editing. I
acknowledge Dr. N. Chitra my wife, for her support and encouragement during the
book chapters review process.
My special appreciation and thanks to the editorial team of InTech Publishing Co. for
their promptness, encouragement and patience during the publication process.

R.P. Soundararajan
Assistant Professor (Agricultural Entomology)
National Pulses Research Centre
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Tamil Nadu
India