Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

261 Pages·2015·8.18 MB·English

by  Muhammad Munir (eds.)

Muhammad Munir Editor
Peste des
Petits
Ruminants
Virus
Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus
Muhammad Munir
Editor
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Virus
123
Editor
Muhammad Munir
The PirbrightInstitute
Pirbright, Surrey
UK
ISBN 978-3-662-45164-9 ISBN 978-3-662-45165-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-45165-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014956203
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
It was an enchanting moment in the history of the veterinary profession when the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) announced on
28 June 2011 that rinderpest had been globally eradicated and there was no con-
strainttointernationaltradeduetorinderpest.Atatimewhenresearchcommunities
were gathered under the “Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP)” for
thedevelopment ofcontrol anderadicationstrategiesfor rinderpest,concernswere
also raised about another morbillivirus of small ruminants, peste des petits rumi-
nants (PPRV). Since then there have been several noteworthy scientific achieve-
ments that present recent conceptual advances, and review current information on
the many different facets of PPRV. In this period, recombinant and live attenuated
homologousvaccineshavebecomeavailable,whichledtoasignificantreductionin
the occurrence of disease in PPR-endemic countries. The availability of proficient
diagnostic tests has heightened awareness and importance of the epidemiological
potential of the virus, in domestic and wild small ruminants, and in camels. These
aspects, along with our understandings on the biology and pathogenesis of PPRV,
have been reviewed in our first SpringerBriefs “Molecular Biology and Patho-
genesisofPestedesPetitsRuminantsVirus”(authoredbyM.Munir,S.Zohariand
M. Berg).
Inlastfewyears, therehasbeenasignificantstimulationofresearch activityon
severalfacetsofthevirus,primarilyduetoincreaseinthevirushostandgeography
spectra.Theavailabilityofanincreasingnumberoffull-genomesequencesfromall
lineages of PPRV has led to an improved taxonomic classification of the virus,
enhanced ourunderstanding ofevolution,geographicvariation, and epidemiology,
and stimulated research activity on variation in viral virulence. Recent successful
rescueofthevirususingreversegenetictechnologyhasthepotentialtoadvanceour
knowledgeonfundamentalvirology, functions andproperties ofviralproteins,the
evaluation of candidate virulence determinants, and engineering of novel and
lineage-matched live attenuated vaccines. Studies on theimmunobiology of PPRV
havealsoledtotherealizationthatthevirusinteractswiththehostimmunesystem
inwaysthataresimilartoothermembersofthegenusmorbillivirus.Besidesthese
advancements,clearlyacomprehensiveresearch approachisneededtounravelthe
v
vi Preface
complexitiesofthevirus–hostinteractionsandtheirexploitationforbothdiagnostic
and therapeutic purposes.
In this edited book, Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, my goal has been to
assemble a team of renowned scientists who have made seminal contributions in
their respective aspect of PPRV research, and to provide a comprehensive and
up-to-date overview of PPRV geographical distribution, genome structure, viral
proteins, reverse genetics, immunity, viral pathogenesis, clinical and molecular
diagnosis, host susceptibility, concurrent infections and future challenges. The last
two chapters are dedicated to comprehensively cover and to highlight the ongoing
issuesontheeconomicimpactofthedisease,andcurrentcontrolandmanagement
strategies that might ultimately lead to eradication of the disease from the planet.
Each chapter is an attempt to create a stand-alone document, making it a valuable
reference source for virologists, field veterinarians, infection and molecular biolo-
gists, immunologists and scientists in related fields and veterinary school libraries.
Gathering this wealth of information would not have been possible without
the commitment, dedication and generous participation of a large number of
contributors from all over the world. I am greatly indebted to them for the
considerable amount of work and their willingness to set aside other priorities for
thisproject.Imustalsoacknowledgethattherearemanyothercolleagueswhoare
active in the field, whose expertise has not been represented in this edition of the
book.
Muhammad Munir
Contents
1 Peste des Petits Ruminants: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Muhammad Munir
2 The Molecular Biology of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus . . . . . 11
Michael D. Baron
3 Host Susceptibility to Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus . . . . . . . . 39
Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan, Habibur Rahman
and Muhammad Munir
4 Pathology of Peste des Petits Ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Satya Parida, Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann, Robert A. Pope,
Mana Mahapatra, Medhi El Harrak, Joe Brownlie
and Ashley C. Banyard
5 Molecular Epidemiology of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. . . . 69
Ashley C. Banyard and Satya Parida
6 Peste des Petits Ruminants in Unusual Hosts: Epidemiology,
Disease, and Impact on Eradication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
P. Wohlsein and R.P. Singh
7 Pathology of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection
in Small Ruminants and Concurrent Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Oguz Kul, Hasan Tarık Atmaca and Muhammad Munir
8 Current Advances in Serological Diagnosis of Peste des
Petits Ruminants Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Geneviève Libeau
vii
viii Contents
9 Current Advances in Genome Detection of Peste des
Petits Ruminants Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann
10 Host Immune Responses Against Peste des Petits
Ruminants Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Gourapura J. Renukaradhya and Melkote S. Shaila
11 Vaccines Against Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus . . . . . . . . . . . 183
R.K. Singh, K.K. Rajak, D. Muthuchelvan, Ashley C. Banyard
and Satya Parida
12 Why Is Small Ruminant Health Important—Peste des
Petits Ruminants and Its Impact on Poverty and Economics?. . . . 195
N.C. de Haan, T. Kimani, J. Rushton and J. Lubroth
13 Strategies and Future of Global Eradication of Peste des
Petits Ruminants Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
G. Dhinakar Raj, A. Thangavelu and Muhammad Munir
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Chapter 1
Peste des Petits Ruminants:
An Introduction
Muhammad Munir
Abstract Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an acute, highly contagious,
and economically important transboundary disease of sub-Saharan Africa, Middle
East, Indian subcontinent, and Turkey. It is one of the World Organization for
Animal Health (WHO) notifiable diseases and is considered important for poverty
alleviationinPPRV-endemicregions.Significantresearchhasbeendirectedtoward
improved vaccine, diagnosis, and epidemiology of the virus in recent years; how-
ever, research on fundamental aspects of the virus is required, especially when
diseasespectrumanddistributionspatternsareincreasing.Thischapterisdesigned
toprovideanoverviewofeachchapterthatisdescribingcomprehensivelyaspecific
aspect of PPRV inthe book.
1.1 An Overview
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the causative agent of peste des petits
ruminants (PPR), is a member of genus Morbillivirus within subfamily Param-
yxovirinae of the family Paramyxoviridae (Gibbs et al. 1979). PPRV is relatively
recently diagnosed virus; therefore, most of our understanding on virus structure
and molecular biology is based on the comparison with other morbilliviruses such
asmeaslesvirus(MV),caninedistempervirus(CDV),andrinderpestvirus(RPV).
Basedonthiscomparison,PPRvirionsarepleomorphicparticlesandareenveloped
(Fig. 1.1). The genome (15,948 nt in length) encodes sequentially for the nucleo-
capsid (N) protein, the phosphoprotein (P), the matrix protein (M), the fusion (F)
andthehemagglutinin–neuraminidase(HN)membraneglycoproteins,andthelarge
(L) protein (viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRP) (Fig. 1.1) (Michael
2011; Munir et al. 2013). As with other morbilliviruses, it is only the P gene
that encodes for two or three non-structural proteins, V, W, and C, through
M.Munir(&)
ThePirbrightInstitute,AshRoad,Pirbright,SurreyGU240NF,UK
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015 1
M.Munir(ed.),PestedesPetitsRuminantsVirus,
DOI10.1007/978-3-662-45165-6_1
2 M.Munir
Haemagglutinin (H) protein Matrix (M) protein
Large (L) protein
Fusion (F) protein
Phosphoprotein (P)
Nucleocapsid (N) protein Viral RNA
3´ N P/C/V/W M F HN L 5´
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fig. 1.1 Schematic diagrams of a Morbillivirus and its genome. Modified from Munir (2014b)
withpermission
“gene editing” or “alternative ORF” mechanisms. The available information on
functions of each of these genes is recently reviewed by Munir (2014b), and
Michael (2011) and is described compressively in the next chapter (see Chap. 2).
Two essential components of PPRV life cycle, replication and transcription, are
essentially regulated by genome promoter (3′ end of the genome), antigenome
promoter (5′ end of the genome), and intergenic sequences between individual
genes.Ourunderstandingsonthepreferenceoverreplicationortranscriptionmode
areinsufficient;however,differenthypotheseshavebeenproposedduetofunctional
similaritiesofPPRVwithothermorbilliviruses(seeChap.2).Withtheavailability
of complete genome sequences from all lineages of PPRV (Bailey et al. 2005;
Muniraju et al. 2013; Dundon et al. 2014) from both vaccine strains and filed
isolates, and due to the availability of reverse genetics (Hu et al. 2012), it is
expected to see a surge in the research on the biology of PPRV and its pathogenic
potentials in diverse hosts.
AmongPPRVproteins,itistheHNproteinthatdeterminestheinitiationofviral
infectionandisthemaindeterminantofhostrangeselectionthroughinteractionwith
cellular receptors (sialic acid, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM),
andovineNectin-4)(Pawaretal.2008;Birchetal.2013).Besidepresenceofthese
receptorsinseveralmammals,sheepandgoatsareremainedtobethenaturalhosts.
However, the host spectrum of PPRV has now expanded from sheep and goats to
several wildlife species and to camels (Kwiatek et al. 2011; Munir 2014a). The
diseasecanbeequallysevereinsheep,goats,orwildsmallruminants;however,the
clinical manifestation varies widely (Lefevre and Diallo 1990; Wosu 1994; Munir
2014a) (see Chap 3). Briefly, after an onset of high fever and inappetence for
1–2 days, lesion (congestion, serous to mucopurulent discharges) spread over oral
andrespiratorymucosa.Theselesionscausefunctiolaesaintheseorgansandleadto