Table Of ContentRalf Buckley
Perspectives
in Environmental
Management
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor RALF BUCKLEY
Griffith University Gold Coast
Queensland 4215
Australia
ISBN-13: 978-3-540-53815-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76502-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76502-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Buckley, Ralf. Perspectives in
environment management / Ralf Buckley. p. cm. Essays originally published
between 1988 and 1990. Includes index.
(U.S.) I. Environmental protection. 2. Environmental auditing. 3. Liability for environ
mental damages. I. Title. TD170.B83 1991 363.7--dc20 91-17891
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and
storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted
under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current
version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act
of the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names
are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use,
Typesetting (media conversion): Elsner & Behrens GmbH, Oftersheim
32/3145-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
This book is a collection of papers and presentations on
various aspects of environmental planning and management.
They were all written in 1989 and 1990, except for the first
which was initially published in 1988 and provides a setting
and direction for the rest. They are international in scope and
application; and if some have a slightly Australian flavour, I
hope this may complement the American and European
emphasis of other recent texts in this field.
RALF BUCKLEY
Contents
Chapter 1 Critical Problems ...................... 1
Chapter 2 Environmental Sensitivity Mapping:
A Regional Planning Tool. ... ... .. . . .... 35
Chapter 3 Environmental Accounting:
Techniques and Limitations ............. 47
Chapter 4 Equity, Public Resources and
National Accounts ..................... 70
Chapter 5 Economic Instruments of Environmental
Policy ................................ 80
Chapter 6 National Audit of Environmental Impact
Predictions ............................ 93
Chapter 7 Guidelines for Environmental Audit ...... 121
Chapter 8 Environmental Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165
Chapter 9 Shortcomings in Institutional Frameworks. 180
Chapter 10 The Role of Environmental Scientists 197
Chapter 11 Environmental Research
by the Private Sector ................... 211
Chapter 12 Environmental Planning and Policy
for Green Tourism ..................... 226
Chapter 13 Environmental Impacts of Recreation
in Parks and Reserves ................... 243
VIII Contents
Chapter 14 Environmental Implications
of Development Aid .................... 259
Chapter 15 Trends in the 1990's 265
Afterword ....................................... 271
Index ........................................... 273
List of Acronyms Used in the Text
ADB Asian Development Bank
AlB Australian Institute of Biology
ALARA as low as reasonably achievable (principle used
in environmental licencing)
ATIA Australian Tourism Industry Association
BACT best available control technology
(used in environmental licencing)
BHP Broken Hill Proprietary Ltd.
(a large steel company)
BOD biological oxygen demand
BPT best practicable technology (a less stringent
stipulation than BACT)
CEO chief executive officer
CGL comprehensive, or commercial, general liability
(insurance policy type)
CVM contingent valuation method
(used in environmental accounting)
DEIS draft environmental impact statement
DWN developed western nations
EBCA environmental benefit-cost analysis
ec electrical conductivity
EC environmental costs
EElS economic and environmental impact statement
EIA environmental impact assessment (a process)
ElL environmental impairment liability
(insurance policy type)
EIOA environmental input-output analysis
(economic modelling technique)
EIS environmental impact statement
(formal document produced by ElA)
EPM environmental planning and management
ES environmental sensitivity
ESM environmental sensitivity mapping
x List of Acronyms Used in the Text
FOB free on board (referring to valuation
of export cargo or freight)
FOI freedom of information
FRED flexible regional environmental database
FRG Federal Republic of Germany
GDP gross domestic product
GIS geographic information system
GNP gross national product
RDS humungous development syndrome
lAC Industries Assistance Commission
IEPM integrated environmental planning
and management
LDC less developed country
LWRA land and water resources allocation
M&A merger and acquisition
MLA multilateral lending agency
NGO non-governmental organisation
NOI notice of intent
NPWS National Parks and Wildlife Service
N-S north-south
ORS occupational
ORV off-road vehicle
PACD Plan of Action to Combat Desertification
(by UNEP, q.v.)
PEA preliminary environmental assessment
PER public environmental report
PL product liability (insurance policy type)
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
RA resource accounting
R&D research and development
REP regional environmental plan
REPM regional environmental planning
and management
RP retention pond
SNA System of National Accounts
(used for calculating GNP)
SPCC State Pollution Control Commission
TCM total catchment management
tds total dissolved salts, total dissolved solids
(water quality parameter)
List of Acronyms Used in the Text XI
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific
US CEQ United States Council on Environmental Quality
USEPA United States Environment Protection Agency
VOC volatile organic carbon
WTAC willingness to accept compensation
(measure of value used in CVM, q.v.)
WTP willingness to pay
(measure of value used in CVM, q.v.)
4WD four-wheel drive vehicle
Abbreviations for units used in text and tables. [ ... J concentra
tion of ... (used for air and water quality parameters, e.g.);
a year; Bq becquerel (unit of radioactivity); °C degree Centi
grade; d day; dBA decibel A (unit of noise intensity);
g gramme; GJ gigajoule (unit of energy); GW gigawatt (unit
of power, e.g. electricity output); ha hectare; J joule; km
kilometre; I litre; M mega-, i.e. 106 X (e.g. 1 MI is one million
litres); m metre (m3, cubic metre); mg milligramme, i.e. 10-3
gramme; mo month; s second; Sv sievert (unit of radioactive
exposure); W watt.
Symbols for chemical elements and compounds used in text and
tables. Ca calcium; Cd cadmium; CI chlorine; CO2 carbon
dioxide; Cu copper; F fluorine; F- fluoride; Mn manganese;
NO oxides of nitrogen; O2 molecular oxygen (as normally
x
present in the atmosphere); Ra radium; Ra226 radium-226, an
isotope of radium; Rn radon; Pb lead; S sulphur; S02 sulphur
dioxide; S04, SO~- sulphate; Si silicon; U uranium; U234
uranium-234, an isotope of uranium; U238 uranium-238,
another isotope of uranium; Zn zinc
Chapter 1
Critical Problems
This paper, written in 1987 and first published in 1988; sets out some of
the major problems which are addressed in subsequent chapters. Since
then, progress has been made on all four of the main research fronts
considered here: but all four are still critical, and most of this paper is still
equally valid today.
Abstract
Improvement in environmental planning and management (EPM)
requires increa ed integration in four respects: spatial, temporal,
economic and admini trative. The e respects are not independent;
and to be effective integration must improve in all four simul
taneou Iy.
To illu trate this, four critical research fronts are examined:
conceptual approache and technical tools for land and water
resources allocation (LWRA) in regional EPM; environmental
audit and operational feedback; ecological-economic exchange
rates, and discount rates, in environmental benefit-cost analysi
(EBCA); and EPM in development aid.
Specific problems which are identified as worthy of (and in some
cases already receiving) immediate research effort include: non
parametric LWRA procedure · "active" geographic information
systems (GIS's) incorporating LWRA criteria; sy tematic multi
project environmental audit; modifications to EPM legislation to
increa e public accountability of development and regulatory
agencies; estimation of option costs for land degradation and
specie extinction- rational and unambiguous determination of
discount rates in EBCA; and determination of the economic costs
and benefits of EPM in development aid.
