Table Of Content‘Expertly tailored towards the needs of the student of personality, intelligence and
‘There are many textbooks on this topic,
individual differences… comprehensive, up to date and very clearly set out with a wealth
of supplementary material.’ but few as comprehensive and accessible.’
Dr Teresa Rushe, University of Ulster Dr Marcus Munafò, University of Bristol
‘A wonderful companion for students taking courses in individual differences. Strengthened
by its international scope and helpful learning aids, this is a useful reference work for students
throughout their studies.’
Dr Susan Rasmussen, University of Strathclyde
‘Provides a modern, international coverage of the key issues in individual differences
research. It looks great, offers valuable and extensive study aids and fi ts our course
requirements exactly.’
Professor Paddy O’Donnell, University of Glasgow
Richly illustrated and packed with examples, Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence, Second
edition, continues to offer accessible and in-depth coverage of the major theories, methods, fi ndings and
debates in this fascinating subject.
This comprehensive new edition includes:
• Four new chapters, covering Health and illness, Well-being and personality disorders,
Ideas and debates in personality, and Psychometric testing.
• Extensively revised and updated chapters which include the latest research throughout.
• A range of features to stimulate and support learning, such as highlighted Key terms and
Connecting up, which links different topics covered in the book.
Second Edition
Visit the companion website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby to
explore resources including:
• Three additional chapters: Academic Argument and Thinking, Statistical Terms, and Personality,
Research Ethics.
• Weblinks and commentary on online journals to help students better understand
the research process.
• Exam and esay questions to alow students to consolidate their understanding. Individual Differences
Dr John Maltby is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Leicester. and Intelligence
Dr Liz Day is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Sheffi eld Hallam University.
Professor Ann Macaskill is at Sheffi eld Hallam University and is a Chartered
Health Psychologist. John Maltby, Liz Day
and Ann Macaskill
Cover image © Getty Images www.pearson-books.com
CVR_MALT2908_02_SE_CVR.indd 1 29/10/09 10:46:37
Personality, Individual Differences Maltby, Day
and Macaskill
and Intelligence Second Edition
A01_MALT2908_02_SE_FM.QXD 10/24/09 1:23 PM Page i
Personality,
Individual Differences
and Intelligence
Visit the Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence, Second edition
Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby to find valuable student
learning material including:
Three additional web-only chapters to help develop your understanding of
and skills in academic argument and thinking, statistical terms and research
ethics
Multiple choice questions on each chapter to help test your learning
Additional essay questions to give you practice at exam-style questions
Advanced Reading section containing a variety of current research papers
that enable you to key into current issues and gain ideas for your independent
projects
Annotated links to relevant sites on the web
A01_MALT2908_02_SE_FM.QXD 10/24/09 1:23 PM Page ii
About the Authors
Dr John Maltby is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Leicester. He
has over 100 publications in the area of personality and individual differences.
Dr Liz Day is a Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Sheffield Hallam University. She has
over 40 publications in the area of individual differences. She has also trained as a
Clinical Hypnotherapist.
Professor Ann Macaskill is at Sheffield Hallam University and is a Chartered Health
Psychologist and trained in cognitive behaviour therapy. She has published exten-
sively, with current research in individual differences, health and well-being.
A01_MALT2908_02_SE_FM.QXD 10/24/09 1:23 PM Page iii
Second Edition
Personality,
Individual Differences
and Intelligence
John Maltby
University of Leicester
Liz Day
Sheffield Hallam University
Ann Macaskill
Sheffield Hallam University
A01_MALT2908_02_SE_FM.QXD 10/24/09 1:23 PM Page iv
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published 2007
Second edition published 2010
© Pearson Education Limited 2007, 2010
The rights of John Maltby, Liz Day and Ann Macaskill to be identified as authors of this
work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a
licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
ISBN: 978-0-273-72290-8
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Maltby, John, 1969-
Personality, individual differences, and intelligence / John Maltby, Liz Day, Ann
Macaskill. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-273-72290-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Personality. 2. Personality and
intelligence. 3. Individual differences. I. Day, Liz. II. Macaskill, Ann. III. Title.
BF698.9.I6M35 2009
155.2—dc22 2009035726
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
13 12 11 10 09
Typeset in 9.5 Minion by 73
Printed and bound by Rotolito Lombarda, Italy
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
A01_MALT2908_02_SE_FM.QXD 10/24/09 1:23 PM Page v
Brief Contents
Guided Tour xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
Part 1 Personality 1
Chapter 1 Personality Theory in Context 2
Chapter 2 The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality 20
Chapter 3 Developments of Freudian Theorising 42
Chapter 4 Learning Theory Perspectives on Personality 70
Chapter 5 Cognitive Personality Theories 102
Chapter 6 Humanistic Personality Theories 126
Chapter 7 The Trait Approach to Personality 154
Chapter 8 Biological Basis of Personality I: Genetic Heritability of Personality
and Biological and Physiological Models of Personality 178
Chapter 9 Biological Basis of Personality II: Evolutionary Psychology and
Animal Studies of Personality 208
Chapter 10 Further Ideas and Debates in Personality: Personality and Culture 230
Part 2 Intelligence 263
Chapter 11 An Introduction to Intelligence 264
Chapter 12 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence 280
Chapter 13 The Use of Intelligence Tests: What Questions Emerge from
the Measurement of Intelligence? 308
Chapter 14 Heritability and Socially Defined Race Differences in Intelligence 336
Chapter 15 Further Discussions and Debates in Intelligence: Sex Differences
in Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence 374
Chapter 16 The Application of Personality and Intelligence in Education and
the Workplace: The Introduction of Other Intelligences 410
Part 3 Further Debates and Applications in Individual Differences 445
Chapter 17 Further Debates and Applications in Individual Differences: An Introduction 446
Chapter 18 Optimism 458
Chapter 19 Irrational Beliefs 482
Chapter 20 Embarrassment, Shyness and Social Anxiety 504
Chapter 21 Interpersonal Relationships 528
Chapter 22 Social Attitudes 558
Chapter 23 Well-being and Personality Disorders 584
Chapter 24 Individual Differences in Health and Illness 614
Chapter 25 An Introduction to Psychometric Testing 636
Glossary G1
References R1
Index I1
THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL MATERIAL CAN
BE FOUND ON THE WEBSITE (www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby)
Chapter 26 Academic Argument and Thinking 678
Chapter 27 Statistical Terms 686
Chapter 28 Research Ethics 696
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A01_MALT2908_02_SE_FM.QXD 10/24/09 1:23 PM Page vii
Contents
Guided Tour xvii Defence mechanisms 29
Preface xxi Repression 30
Acknowledgements xxv Denial 30
Projection 30
Reaction formation 31
Part 1 Personality 1
Rationalisation 31
1 Personality Theory in Context 2 Conversion reaction 31
Phobic avoidance 32
Key themes 2 Displacement 32
Learning outcomes 2 Regression 32
Introduction 3 Isolation 32
General population perspectives: implicit Undoing 32
personality theories 3 Sublimation 33
Problems with implicit theories 4 Clinical applications of Freudian theory 33
How is personality defined? 4 Evaluation of Freudian theory 34
Lay definitions of personality 4 Description 34
Psychological definitions of personality 5 Explanation 35
The aims of studying personality 5 Empirical validity and testable concepts 35
The source of the term ‘personality’ 7 Comprehensiveness 37
Approaches to studying personality: Parsimony 37
idiographic versus nomothetic 8 Heuristic value 37
Describing personality 9 Applied value 37
Distinctions and assertions in personality research 9 Final comments 37
Effects of personality versus situational effects 10 Summary 38
Measurement issues 11 Connecting up 39
Strands of personality theorising 11 Critical thinking 39
The clinical approach and its history 11 Going further 40
Individual differences’ emphasis on personality Film and literature 41
and its history 12
Studying personality as a personal experience 13
3 Developments of Freudian Theorising 42
Reading critically and evaluating theories 14
The cultural context of personality theories 17 Key themes 42
Final comments 18 Learning outcomes 42
Summary 18 Introduction 43
Connecting up 18 Individual psychology of Alfred Adler 44
Critical thinking 18 Inferiority feelings 44
Going further 19 Personality development in Adlerian terms 45
Birth order 46
2 The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Characteristics of the neurotic personality 46
Approach to Personality 20 Adlerian treatment approaches 47
Evaluation of Adler’s individual psychology theory 48
Key themes 20 Carl Jung and analytic psychology 49
Learning outcomes 20 Structures within the psyche 50
Introduction 21 Jungian personality types 53
Description of Freud’s theory of personality 21 Jung’s conception of mental illness and its treatment 55
Levels of consciousness 21 Evaluation of Jung’s theory 56
The nature of human beings and the source The psychology of Karen Horney 57
of human motivation 23 Essentials of Horney’s theoretical position 58
The structure of the personality 25 The development of the personality and
The development of personality 26 the neurotic personality 58
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viii CONTENTS
Defence mechanisms 61 Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 112
Penis envy and female masochism 63 Origins of the theory of Rational-Emotive
Evaluation of Horney’s theory 64 Behaviour Therapy 112
Final comments 66 Rational and irrational thoughts 114
Summary 66 The importance of perception and
Connecting up 67 the subjective worldview 115
Critical thinking 67 Development of the individual 118
Going further 68 The basic model of Rational-Emotive
Film and literature 69 Behaviour Therapy 119
Sources of psychological disturbance 120
4 Learning Theory Perspectives Applications of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 120
on Personality 70 Research evidence for effectiveness of
Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 121
Key themes 70
Contentious issues 121
Learning outcomes 70
Overall evaluation of cognitive approaches 121
Introduction 71
Description 121
Introduction to learning theory 72
Explanation 121
The clinical perspective within classical conditioning 74
Empirical validity 122
The radical behaviourism of B. F. Skinner 75
Testable concepts 122
Attempts to apply learning theory approaches
Comprehensiveness 122
to personality 78
Parsimony 122
The stimulus–response model of personality
Heuristic value 122
of Dollard and Miller 79
Applied value 122
Albert Bandura and social learning theory 81
Final comments 122
Learning within Bandura’s model 83
Summary 123
Personality development in social learning theory 84
Connecting up 123
Self-efficacy as a self-regulatory process 84
Critical thinking 124
Increasing self-efficacy ratings 85
Going further 124
Measuring self-efficacy 86
Film and literature 125
Julian Rotter and locus of control 87
The impact of locus of control on behaviour 88
Walter Mischel 90 6 Humanistic Personality Theories 126
The impact of Mischel 94 Key themes 126
Evaluation of learning theory approaches 94 Learning outcomes 126
Description 94 Introduction 127
Explanation 95 Historical roots and key elements of
Empirical validity 95 the humanistic approach 128
Testable concepts 96 Abraham Maslow and self-actualisation 128
Comprehensiveness 96 Human nature and human motivation 128
Parsimony 96 Hierarchy of needs 130
Heuristic value 96 Discussion of basic needs 132
Applied value 97 Characteristics of self-actualisers 132
Final comments 97 Personality development 134
Summary 97 Mental illness and its treatment in
Connecting up 98 Maslow’s approach 134
Critical thinking 99 Evaluation of Maslow’s theory 135
Going further 99 Carl Rogers and person-centred therapy 136
Film and literature 100 Basic principles underlying the theory 137
Self-actualisation 137
5 Cognitive Personality Theories 102 Effect of society on self-actualisation 138
Key themes 102 Developmental impact on the child of
Learning outcomes 102 their parent’s self-concept 140
Introduction 103 The role of the actualising tendency
Theory of personal constructs of George A. Kelly 104 in development 141
The view of the person in Kelly’s theory 104 Rogers’ conceptualisation of
Concepts within Kelly’s theory 104 psychological problems 143
Personality development according to Kelly 109 The principles of Rogerian counselling 143
Assessing personality in personal construct theory 109 The role of the therapist or counsellor 144
Clinical applications of personal construct theory 111 Evaluation of Rogers’ theory 147
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CONTENTS ix
Final comments 149 Problems with the representativeness of twin
Summary 150 and adoption studies 191
Connecting up 151 Assortative mating 192
Critical thinking 151 Changing world of genetics 192
Going further 152 A framework for considering heritability in personality 193
Film and literature 152 Psychophysiology, neuropsychology and personality 194
Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal 195
7 The Trait Approach to Personality 154 Gray’s BAS/BIS theory 197
Cloninger’s biological model of personality 200
Key themes 154
Empirical evidence for biological theories of personality 201
Learning outcomes 154
The central nervous system and biological
Introduction 155
personality dimensions 202
Emergence of personality traits 156
The autonomic nervous system and biological
Defining personality traits 157
personality dimensions 202
The development of trait theories within psychology 157
Consideration of biological theories of personality 203
Sheldon and somatypes 158
Final comments 204
Early lexical approaches to personality and the lexical
Summary 204
hypothesis 158
Connecting up 205
Gordon Allport 159
Critical thinking 205
Raymond Cattell and the emergence of
Going further 206
the factor analytic approach 161
Film and literature 206
Types of traits 162
Contribution of Cattell 165
Hans Eysenck’s trait theory of personality 166 9 Biological Basis of Personality II:
Eysenck’s structure of personality 166 Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Studies
Research evidence for Eysenck’s types 169 of Personality 208
Psychopathology and Eysenck’s Key themes 208
therapeutic approach 170 Learning outcomes 208
Eysenck’s contribution to trait theorising 170 Introduction 209
The five-factor model 170 Evolutionary theory 209
Evidential sources for the five-factor model 170 Evolutionary psychology and adaptation 210
Evaluation of the Big Five and trait approaches 173 Evolutionary personality and personality and
Final comments 174 individual differences psychology 213
Summary 174 An introduction to evolutionary personality
Connecting up 175 psychology: Buss’ theory of personality
Critical thinking 175 and adaptation 213
Going further 176 How individual differences arise through
Film and literature 177 cooperation: the example of leadership 214
Life history and personality 216
8 Biological Basis of Personality I: Consideration of the evolutionary theory
Genetic Heritability of Personality of personality 219
and Biological and Physiological Animals and their personality 220
Models of Personality 178 Animals and personality: a historical context 220
Key themes 178 Within-species versus cross-species
Learning outcomes 178 comparisons 221
Introduction 179 Methods in animal personality research 221
Behavioural genetics 179 Reliability and validity of animal
Behavioural genetics: basic ideas 179 personality research 222
How the influence of genes is assessed in Animal personality: the emergence of
behavioural genetics 179 the five-factor model of personality 223
Methods for assessing genetic heritability Animal personality: informing evolutionary theories
of personality 181 of personality? 224
Genetic heritability estimates and personality 182 Consideration of animal personality research 224
Considerations within behavioural genetics and Final comments 226
personality 185 Summary 227
Conceptions of genetic heritability and Connecting up 227
the environment 186 Critical thinking 228
Different types of genetic variance 186 Going further 228
Shared and non-shared environments 186 Film and literature 229
