Personal Protective Equipment for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Hazards: Design, Evaluation, and Selection

345 Pages·2012·9.232 MB·English

by  Eva F. Gudgin Dickson

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT FOR
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
AND RADIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT FOR
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
AND RADIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
Design, Evaluation, and Selection
Eva F. Gudgin Dickson, Ph.D.
Kingston,Ontario,Canada
AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
GudginDickson,EvaF.(EvaFrances),1957–
Personalprotectiveequipmentforchemical,biological,andradiologicalhazards:design,
evaluation,andselection/EvaF.GudginDickson.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-16558-4(cloth)
1.Protectiveclothing. 2.Hazardoussubstances–Safetymeasures. I.Title.
T55.3.P75G82 2012
687(cid:2).162–dc23
2012015264
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xi
1 IntroductiontoCBRNProtection 1
1.1 WhatIsCBRNPPEandWhyIsItUsed? 1
1.2 WhatAreCBRNAgents? 2
1.3 ContextofUseasItRelatestoDesign,Selection,
andPerformance 5
1.4 AcquiringEquipment 6
1.4.1 HowNottoDoIt 6
1.4.2 Stage1:PriortotheDesignandProcurementCycle 7
1.4.3 Stage2:AttheTimeofDecisiontoProcureNewPPE 8
1.4.4 Stage3:Off-the-ShelfProcurement 9
1.4.5 Stage4:DevelopmentProgram 10
2 HazardousSubstances 12
2.1 GeneralOverviewofAgents 12
2.2 DoseandExposure 13
2.3 RoutesofEntry 13
2.4 FormsofAgentLeadingtoExposure 17
2.4.1 AirborneHazards 17
2.4.2 ContactHazards 19
2.4.3 RadiationHazards 20
2.5 EffectsofHazardousMaterials 21
2.5.1 Localvs.SystemicEffects 21
2.5.2 Acute,Chronic,andLong-TermEffects 22
2.6 ChemicalHazards 22
2.6.1 ChemicalWarfareAgentsandTheirClassification 22
2.6.2 RespiratoryHazards 24
2.6.3 OcularHazards 24
2.6.4 DermalHazards 25
2.6.5 IngestionHazards 25
2.6.6 DisseminationofChemicalsandTypesofEvents 26
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2.7 BiologicalHazards 28
2.7.1 GeneralBackground 28
2.7.2 WhatMakesaPotentialBiologicalAgent? 28
2.7.3 Classification 29
2.7.4 TheImmuneSystemandInfection 31
2.7.5 GeneralPropertiesofMicroorganisms 32
2.7.6 TheBacteria 33
2.7.7 TheRickettsia 34
2.7.8 TheViruses 34
2.7.9 TheFungi 35
2.7.10 Toxins 35
2.7.11 OtherImportantMethodsofControl 36
2.7.12 TransmissionandDissemination 37
2.7.13 TheAgentsofConcern 40
2.8 RadiologicalandNuclearAgents 43
2.8.1 GeneralHazards 43
2.8.2 ExamplesofHazardousRadiologicalandNuclear
Agents 44
2.8.3 TypesofShort-andLong-TermEffects 44
2.8.4 RouteofEntry 45
2.8.5 Dissemination 45
2.9 SummaryofDisseminationofCBRNAgents 47
2.9.1 MethodsofDissemination 47
2.9.2 PersistencyandEnvironmentalEffects 48
2.9.3 SummaryofCBRNHazardsandTheirLocation 50
3 SettingHigh-LevelRequirements 51
3.1 DefiningConceptsofOperations 51
3.2 MilitaryOperations 52
3.2.1 ConceptofOperations 52
3.2.2 MilitaryUserGroups 53
3.3 DomesticResponse 55
3.3.1 ConceptofOperations 55
3.3.2 DomesticUserGroups 57
3.4 HazardAssessment 59
3.4.1 GeneralComments 59
3.4.2 ScenariosandModeling 60
3.4.3 ConditionsofUse 64
3.4.4 LimitstoOperations 66
3.5 ExposureLimits 66
3.5.1 General 66
3.5.2 ChemicalExposure 67
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CONTENTS vii
3.5.3 RadiationExposure 73
3.5.4 BiologicalAgentExposure 76
3.6 HumanFactorsandTaskRequirements 77
3.7 ExamplesofHigh-LevelRequirements
DevelopmentDiscussions 79
3.7.1 Coroners,MedicalExaminers,andPathologists 79
3.7.2 LawEnforcement 81
4 DesigningforAppropriateProtectionandPerformance 84
4.1 TheHazard 84
4.1.1 AirborneHazards 84
4.1.2 ContactHazards 85
4.1.3 ProtectionPrioritiesandIssuesRelatedtotheHazard 86
4.2 MechanismsofProtection 87
4.2.1 BarrierMaterialsandHardening 87
4.2.2 AirPurificationProcesses 89
4.2.3 AirflowandOverpressure 95
4.3 HumanFactors 95
4.3.1 General 95
4.3.2 Thermophysiology 96
4.3.3 BreathingandRespiratoryPhysiology 98
4.3.4 AnthropometryandRangeofMotion 100
4.3.5 SensoryIssuesandSituationalAwareness 103
4.3.6 Integration,Compatibility,andFunctionality 105
4.4 TheEnvironment 105
4.4.1 ClimaticConditions 105
4.4.2 PhysicalandMechanicalStressors 106
4.5 MaterialsandTheirSelection 106
4.5.1 GeneralIssues 106
4.5.2 FibersandTextiles 108
4.5.3 BarrierMaterials 109
4.5.4 SelectivelyPermeableMaterials 111
4.5.5 FiltrationMedia 115
4.5.6 Adsorbents 118
4.5.7 ReactiveMaterials 120
4.5.8 SmartMaterials 125
4.5.9 NanomaterialsandOtherProtectiveorNext-Generation
Materials 126
4.6 SystemDesign 128
4.6.1 IntroductionandBackground 128
4.6.2 EarlyDesignConsiderations 129
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viii CONTENTS
4.6.3 MaintainingSystemIntegritytoPreventPenetrationand
Leakage 131
4.6.4 PreventingPenetrationandPermeationofLiquidsThrough
Materials 133
4.6.5 PreventingBreakthroughofChemicalsbyUsingAdsorbing
orReactiveElements 133
4.6.6 PreventingPenetrationandReaerosolizationof
Aerosols 136
4.6.7 ProtectingfromNon-CBRNHazards 137
4.6.8 OptimizingHumanPerformance 138
4.6.9 OptimizingSizing 144
4.6.10 OtherDesignIssues 145
4.7 ModelingPerformanceandHumanPhysiology 147
4.7.1 Introduction 147
4.7.2 ProtectionPerformanceModeling 149
4.7.3 HumanPerformanceandPhysiologyModeling 150
4.7.4 ToxicityModeling 151
5 ProtectiveEquipment:Concepts,Components,andSystems 153
5.1 Terminology 153
5.2 ConceptsofUse 153
5.3 RespiratoryProtectiveDevices 154
5.3.1 ProtectiveConcepts 154
5.3.2 ComponentsofaRespirator 155
5.3.3 Self-ContainedBreathableGasStyles 161
5.3.4 TetheredSuppliedBreathableGasSystems 165
5.3.5 Air-Purifying(Negative-Pressure)Respirators 165
5.3.6 PoweredAir-PurifyingRespirators 167
5.3.7 EmergingConceptsandIssues 169
5.4 DermalProtectiveEquipment(Clothing) 170
5.4.1 Components 171
5.4.2 Ensembles 172
5.4.3 EmergingConcepts 178
5.5 FutureConceptstoImprovePerformanceinUse 181
6 PerformanceEvaluationandStandardTestMethods 183
6.1 TestSelectionasDeterminedbyLife-CyclePhase 183
6.2 IssuesThatMayPreventEffectiveEvaluations 186
6.2.1 TranslatingRequirementstoEffectiveTestMethods 186
6.2.2 ScopeofEvaluations 187
6.2.3 StandardTestMethods 187
6.2.4 TimeandCost 187