Persistent toxic substances monitoring : nanoelectrochemical methods

543 Pages·2018·14.851 MB·English

by  Xing-Jiu Huang, Xing Chen, Meng Yang

PersistentToxicSubstanceMonitoring
Persistent Toxic Substance Monitoring
NanoelectrochemicalMethods
Xing-JiuHuang,XingChen,andMengYang
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
Wen-YiZhouandXing-JiuHuang
References 5
2 PTSinAquaticEnvironment 15
Pei-HuaLi,JianWang,Jian-HuaSun,andXing-JiuHuang
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 PersistentOrganicPollutantsinAquaticEnvironment 17
2.2.1 PolychlorinatedBiphenyls 18
2.2.2 OrganochlorinePesticides 19
2.2.3 PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons 20
2.2.4 Hydrazine 22
2.2.5 Mercaptan 22
2.3 HeavyMetalPollutantsinAquaticEnvironment 23
2.3.1 LeadIons 24
2.3.2 MercuryIons 25
2.3.3 CadmiumIons 26
2.3.4 ChromiumIons 26
2.3.5 ArsenicIons 27
2.3.6 CopperIons 28
2.3.7 ZincIons 28
2.3.8 SilverIons 29
2.3.9 CobaltIons 30
2.3.10 NickelIons 31
2.4 ConclusionandOutlook 32
References 32
3 CommonElectrochemicalPrinciplesforPTSDetection 47
Pei-HuaLiandXing-JiuHuang
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 MethodsandPrinciplesofElectrochemicalDetectionforPTS 48
3.2.1 StrippingVoltammetry 48
vi Contents
3.2.1.1 AnodicStrippingVoltammetry 51
3.2.1.2 CathodicStrippingVoltammetry 54
3.2.1.3 AdsorptionStrippingVoltammetry 56
3.2.2 OtherVoltammetry 58
3.2.2.1 LinearSweepVoltammetry 58
3.2.2.2 SquareWaveVoltammetry 59
3.2.2.3 PulseVoltammetry 60
3.2.2.4 CyclicVoltammetry 61
3.2.3 PolarographicAnalysis 64
3.2.3.1 LinearSweep(DC)Polarography 66
3.2.3.2 AC,SquareWave,PulsePolarography 68
3.2.4 ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopy 72
3.3 ConclusionandOutlook 75
References 76
4 DesignConceptofNanoelectrochemicalSensingInterface 83
MengYangandXing-JiuHuang
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 NanoelectrochemicalSensingInterface 84
4.2.1 AdsorptionPerformanceofNanomaterialsEnhancesthe
ElectrochemicalSignal 84
4.2.2 SpecificRecognitionandAdsorptionofNanomaterials 92
4.2.3 ExcellentElectrocatalyticPerformanceofNobleMetal-based
Nanomaterials 98
4.2.4 ControllablySynthesizeSpecificCrystalFacettoEnhance
ElectrochemicalSignals 106
4.2.5 BasedonChargeConductionInhibitionPrinciple 107
4.3 ConclusionsandOutlook 115
References 115
5 Carbon-basedNanomaterialsEnhancedSelectivityand
SensitivityTowardPTS 125
MinJiangandXing-JiuHuang
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 CarbonNanotubesandTheirComplexes 126
5.2.1 Plasma-modifiedMultiwalledCarbonNanotubes 127
5.2.1.1 O -plasma-oxidizedCarbonNanotubes 128
2
5.2.1.2 NH -plasma-treatedCarbonNanotubes 130
3
5.2.2 InorganicFunctionalization 135
5.2.2.1 MetalNanoparticlesFunctionalizedCNTs 135
5.2.2.2 MetalOxidesNanoparticlesFunctionalizedCNTs 140
5.2.3 OrganicFunctionalization 142
5.2.3.1 SmallOrganicMolecules 142
5.2.3.2 Polymers 145
5.2.3.3 DNA 146
5.2.3.4 ProteinsandEnzymes 147
5.3 GrapheneandItsComplexes 148
Contents vii
5.3.1 InorganicFunctionalization 148
5.3.1.1 Metal 148
5.3.1.2 MetalOxidesNanoparticlesFunctionalizedGraphene 150
5.3.1.3 OtherInorganicFunctionalization 153
5.3.2 OrganicMolecules-grapheneNanocomposites 156
5.3.2.1 SmallMoleculesContainingSpecialGroups 156
5.3.2.2 PolymerFunctionalizedGraphene 156
5.4 CarbonaceousNanospheres(CNSs)andTheirComplexes 159
5.4.1 Polypyrrole/CarbonaceousNanospheres 160
5.4.2 AminoFunctionalizedCarbonMicrospheres 163
5.4.3 Hydroxylation/CarbonylationCarbonaceousMicrosphere 166
5.4.3.1 Lead(II)Detection 166
5.5 Others 171
5.6 ConclusionsandOutlook 174
References 174
6 FacetandPhase-dependentElectroanalysisPerformanceof
NanocrystalsinPTSMonitoring:DemonstratedbyDensity
FunctionalTheoryX-rayAbsorptionFineStructure
Spectroscopy 195
Wen-YiZhouandXing-JiuHuang
6.1 Introduction 195
6.2 Facet-dependentElectroanalysisPerformance 197
6.2.1 HighReactiveSurfaceofSnO NanosheetsforElectrochemical
2
Sensing 197
6.2.1.1 MorphologicandStructureCharacterizationofUltrathinSnO
2
Nanosheets 198
6.2.1.2 ElectrochemicalDetectionofAs(III) 200
6.2.1.3 PossibleMechanismBasedonAdsorption 201
6.2.2 Cu OMicrocrystalsforDetectingLeadIons 202
2
6.2.2.1 MorphologyandStructure 202
6.2.2.2 Facet-DependentElectrochemicalBehaviorsofCu O 203
2
6.2.2.3 DensityFunctionalTheory(DFT)Calculation 204
6.2.3 ElectrochemicalPropertiesofCo O Nanocrystals 205
3 4
6.2.3.1 MorphologyandStructure 206
6.2.3.2 ElectrochemicalDetectionofHeavyMetalIons 207
6.2.3.3 DFTCalculations 208
6.2.4 ElectrochemicalStrippingBehaviorsofFe O Nanocrystals 210
3 4
6.2.4.1 CharacterizationofFe O Nanocrystals 211
3 4
6.2.4.2 StrippingBehaviorsofHMIsonFe O Nanocrystals 213
3 4
6.2.4.3 TheoreticalCalculations 214
6.2.5 Facet-DependentPerformanceofα-Fe O Nanocrystals 215
2 3
6.2.5.1 MorphologyandStructureofα-Fe O 215
2 3
6.2.5.2 DFTCalculations 217
6.2.6 ElectrochemicalPropertiesofSub-20nm-Fe O Nanocrystals 219
3 4
6.2.6.1 MorphologyandStructure 220
6.2.6.2 ElectrochemicalDetectionPerformance 222
viii Contents
6.2.6.3 DFTCalculations 223
6.2.7 Single-Crystalline(001)TiO Nanosheets 224
2
6.2.7.1 MorphologyandStructureofTiO Nanosheets 225
2
6.2.7.2 ElectrochemicalPerformanceofTiO TowardHg(II) 226
2
6.2.7.3 Defect-dependentAdsorptionCapabilityandElectronic
Properties 226
6.2.8 Facet-dependentStrippingBehaviorofSnO Nanocrystal 229
2
6.2.8.1 MorphologicandStructureCharacterizationofSnO
2
Nanoparticles 231
6.2.8.2 ElectrochemicalDetectionofPb(II)andCd(II) 232
6.2.8.3 EvidenceofReasonableMechanism:DFTCalculationsandXAFS
Analysis 233
6.2.8.4 EvidenceofXAFS 235
6.3 Phase-dependentElectroanalysisPerformance 237
6.3.1 Phase-dependentSensitivityofα-andγ-Fe O 237
2 3
6.3.1.1 MorphologicandStructureCharacterizationofα-Fe O andγ-Fe O
2 3 2 3
Nanoflowers 239
6.3.1.2 Phase-dependentStrippingBehavior 239
6.3.1.3 ReasonableMechanismBasedonXPSandEXAFS 241
6.4 ConclusionsandOutlook 244
References 244
7 MutualInterferencesBetweenHeavyMetalIonsonthe
ElectrochemicalNano-interfaces 263
MinJiangandXing-JiuHuang
7.1 Introduction 263
7.2 One-componentInterference 263
7.2.1 InterferenceofCu2+ontheDetectionofAs3+ 263
7.2.2 InterferenceofHg2+ontheDetectionofPb2+ 267
7.2.3 MutualInterferenceofCu2+andPb2+ 269
7.2.4 InterferenceofAg+ontheDetectionofPb2+ 269
7.2.5 MutualInterferenceofCu2+andHg2+ 270
7.2.6 MutualInterferenceofCd2+andZn2+ 270
7.2.7 MutualInterferenceofCd2+andPb2+ 273
7.2.8 InterferenceofSn2+ontheDetectionofPb2+ 276
7.2.9 Others 276
7.3 Multi-componentInterference–ArtificiallyAddedInterference
Ions 277
7.3.1 MetalsandMetalOxidesandTheirComplexes 277
7.3.1.1 Au 277
7.3.1.2 MgO 279
7.3.1.3 SnO 280
2
7.3.1.4 Fe O 282
2 3
7.3.1.5 MgSiO 283
3
7.3.1.6 AuNPs/CeO -ZrO 285
2 2
7.3.2 Carbon-basedNanomaterialsandTheirComplexes 287
7.3.2.1 RGO 287
Contents ix
7.3.2.2 CNTs 291
7.4 Multi-componentInterference–IntheActualEnvironment 294
7.4.1 RiceSample 294
7.4.2 RatBrain 295
7.5 SeveralExamplesofReducingorEvenEliminatingInterference 296
7.6 Conclusion 298
References 298
8 MetalOxideandItsCompositeNanomaterialsfor
ElectrochemicalMonitoringofPTS:Design,Preparation,and
Application 305
Shan-ShanLiandXing-JiuHuang
8.1 Introduction 305
8.2 MetalOxideNanomaterialsElectrode 305
8.2.1 Fe-basedOxideNanomaterials 305
8.2.2 Co-basedOxideNanomaterials 313
8.2.3 Mn-basedOxideNanomaterials 323
8.2.4 Mg-basedNanomaterials 326
8.2.5 SnO Nanomaterials 330
2
8.2.6 Bi-basedNanomaterials 334
8.2.7 OtherOxideNanomaterials 336
8.3 MetalOxideCompositeNanomaterials 338
8.3.1 NobleMetalsandMetalOxideCompositeNanomaterials 338
8.3.2 NobleMetalsFreeandMetalOxideCompositeNanomaterials 347
8.4 OthersNanomaterials 358
8.4.1 NanomaterialswithoutNobleMetal 358
8.4.2 NobleMetal-basedAlloyNanomaterials 370
8.5 Conclusion 373
References 374
9 NanogapforDetectionofPTS 401
Yi-XiangLiandXing-JiuHuang
9.1 Introduction 401
9.2 NanogapforDetectionofPolychlorinatedBiphenyls 403
9.2.1 FabricationofNanogapElectrode 403
9.2.2 DetectionofPolychlorinatedBiphenyls 405
9.3 NanogapforDetectionofBiotin–Streptavidin 413
9.3.1 FabricationofNanogapElectrode 413
9.3.2 DetectionofBiotin–Streptavidin 418
9.4 NanogapforDetectionofMercuryIons 421
9.4.1 FabricationofNanogapElectrode 422
9.4.2 DetectionofMercuryIons 424
9.5 NanogapforDetectionofOrganicThiols 430
9.5.1 FabricationofNanogapElectrode 431
9.5.2 DetectionofanOrganicThiol 432
9.6 ConclusionsandOutlook 433
References 434
x Contents
10 DeterminationofPTSUsingUltra-microelectrodes 443
MengYangandXing-JiuHuang
10.1 Introduction 443
10.2 SensitivelyDetectionofPersistentToxicSubstancesBased
onUltra-microelectrodes 444
10.2.1 Ultra-microdiscElectrode 444
10.2.2 Ultra-microArrayElectrode 462
10.3 ConclusionsandOutlook 465
References 465
11 ElectrochemicalMethodsIntegratedwithSpectralTechnology
forDetectionofPTS 473
Yi-XiangLi,Tian-JiaJiang,andXing-JiuHuang
11.1 Introduction 473
11.2 ElectrochemicalIntegratedwithX-rayFluorescence 474
11.2.1 Electrodeposition-assistedX-rayFluorescence 474
11.2.1.1 Application:Electrodeposition-assistedX-rayFluorescenceforthe
QuantitativeDeterminationofHMIs 475
11.2.2 Electroadsorption-assistedX-rayFluorescence 479
11.2.2.1 Application:Electroadsorption-assistedDirectDeterminationofTrace
ArsenicWithoutInterferenceUsingXRF 480
11.3 ElectrochemicalIntegratedwithLaser-inducedBreakdown
Spectroscopy 484
11.3.1 Electrodeposition-assistedLaser-inducedBreakdown
Spectroscopy 485
11.3.1.1 Application:ElectrochemicalLIBSforEnhancedDetectionofCd(II)
WithoutInterferenceinComplexEnvironmentalSample(Rice) 485
11.3.1.2 Application:On-siteQuantitativeElementalAnalysisofMetalIonsin
AqueousSolutionsbyUnderwaterLaser-inducedBreakdown
SpectroscopyCombinedwithElectrodepositionUnderControlled
Potential 490
11.3.2 Electroadsorption-assistedLaser-inducedBreakdown
Spectroscopy 496
11.3.2.1 Application:InSituUnderwaterLIBSAnalysisforTraceCr(VI)in
AqueousSolutionSupportedbyElectrosorptionEnrichmentanda
Gas-assistedLocalizedLiquidDischargeApparatus 497
11.4 ConclusionsandOutlook 502
References 503
12 ConclusionandPerspectives 513
Shan-ShanLiandXing-JiuHuang
References 516
Index 521