Persicaria geocarpica Suyama & K. Ueda (Polygonaceae), sp. nov., and its Endemism and Subterranean Cleistogamy

2013·5.8 MB·English

by  Suyama, Chika

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ISSN 1346-7565 Acta Phytotax .Geobot. 63 (3) 1:35-142 (2013)
Persicariageoeai;pieSauyama & K. Ueda (Polygonacesap.en)ov,.,

itsEndemism SubterraneanCleistogamy
and and
CHIKASUYAMAiS- 'AND KUNIHIKOUEDA2
i Gr adu at e s ch oo l o f I V b t u r Sa cl ie n c e& f e c h n ol o g yK ,a n a z a wa U ni v er'sity ,Kakuma, Kbnaza",a,
920-Jf92 Jny)an .'[email protected] lauthorfo crorrespondencelfSchool qfMturat S.vstem,
Kanazavea Uitivens'i tKya,kuma, Kanazawa, 920-ilP2 pman
A new species, Penyicari gaeocarpica, from centra] Honshu, Japan ,i sdescribe dT.he plants are known
from on]y a few sites in northeastern Aichi Prefecture nearby the type localit ywhere they were fi rst dis-
covered. After detai]ed and intensiv efiel dstudies. i tbecame clear that the habit aotfR geocarpica is
restricted tQ a particula rmountainous area in the Tbkai distri cPte.nyiearia geocai7)iea exhibits the
unique characteristic that the inflorescence sare elongated down to ground leve [at the end of the tong
flowering season. There are almost no morphological difTerenc ebsetween terrestrial and subterranean
flower sb,ut the latte cran selrpo]linate in the bud and mature underground without the flora lpart sex-
panding.
Key words: centra[ Henshu, c]eistogamy, Japan, new species, Petts'icar igaeocatpica, Polygonaceae
In June ,1994, one ofus (Suyam ad)iscovered 137e34'E (WGS84)] ,1110m alt. 18 Sept .2005, C.
unidentifiable plant sin Men-no-ki Park (Inabu,SKuA.NvA,ama[. 2,K0, 8U6e5do9,i] s;o&- K}M. lbshido, SUM4M;42740 (holo-
Toyota ,Aichi Prefectur et)hat appeared to be
closely related to Persicaria debili sb,ut evidently Herbs, annual, ascending or creeping, deli-
differen Wte. reported these plant sas a new taxon cate, 10-30 cm tall , Stems 15-40 cm long,
rlbyobo-
Persicari gaeocarpica (Japane snaeme: branched ,ascending to decumbent, rooting at
tani-soba) during the 70` hannual meeting of the base ;internode s30-50 mm long .with retrorse
Botanical Societ yof Japan (Suyam a& Ueda prickle asnd small sparse stellate hairs .Leaves
2006) and describ ethem here. petiolate a,lternate; petiol e15-25 mm long with
antrorse prickles ;lamina thin herbaceous 2,0-40
Persicaria (secti oEnchinocaulon) geocarpica mm long and wide, terminal leave ssmaller, trian-
Suyama & K. Ueda, sp. nov. Fig. 1 gular hastate ,base truncate to subcordate, apex
Very similar to P. debiti sb,ut easiLy identifi ebdy the acuminate, lower surface glaucescen tg,reen,
dark V-shaped
stems with retrorse prickles and small, sparse stel]ate with purple maculations, veins
hairs ;ocreae cytinclri ¢a]. membranaceous; peduncl es]en- strigose, upper surface green, sparsely strigose,
der ,bearin gsparse, minute, recurved prickles ;flower s1 Ocreae 2-3 mm long, cylindrical, membrana-
or 2(or 3); often with subterranean c]eistogamous flowers ceous, with short recurved prickle ast base ,api-
claa,t Oei,n3 t-hOe ,s 5emamson; lo sntagme.ns 5, ca, 1 tnm leng; nectaries 5, ca]ly brist]y-cil i(aFtie g2,G, G') ,Inflorescences
7)tpu sJ.APAN, Honshu: Aichi Prefectur cT,oyota- terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, pedun-
shi, Inabu-cho <nea rMen-no-ki enchi park) [35011'N,culate; peduncl eslender, with sparse minute re-
curved prickle sp,edicel sca, O,5 mm long ;1 or 2
(o r3) flowered t,erminated by a bracteol esu;bteF
d'Present address : Department of Seience Education (Biolo- inflorescences
ranean shorter, with an ocrea at
gy) ,Faculty of Educatien ,Gifu Univcrsit y,Yanagito 1-1, (Fig2.E);bractfoliaceousl,anceolate
GLfu,501-1193Japan, each node
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136 Acta Phytotax .Geobot. Vol. 63
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April 2013 SuYAMA & UEDA-Persicari gaeocatlpic a(Pelygonac espa.e n)ov,. 137
to ovate, acuminate, reduced upward to a mem- (Fig 4,), No plant shave been fbund in Shizuoka
branaceou socrea, Bracteores membranaceous, Prefecture.
pale green or pale sanguineous, flowe rbuds PenyicaTi ageocarpica is usually found in
sheathed in bracteol e(sFig 2.A, A') ;aerial chas- marshy places in headwater sof streams, on the
mogamQus flower sextrude from the bifurcated tops of smeoth, wide summits, or on the forest
bracteol esheath: subterranean cleistogamous floo ralong streams flowin gfrom marshes. Persi-
fiowers inlate in herbaceous
often produced season, enclosed caria geocarpica grows with other
bracteole ,se]f pollinatin g(Fi g.2F). Pedicel plant ss,uch as 7VdnocnideJ'crpon iQepai,ismenus
sometimes bearing a small aborted bud at base. undulatijblius, Ciinopocfium mieranthum and Mi-
Flowers Julyto October,fruitinAgugusttoNo- teUapattcCt7bra,

vember, Perianth white, campanulate, 1.5- 2mm Persicari gaeocarpica often grows sympatri-
long ,5- parted to 2!3 it slength t,epals elliptic, not cally with the similar P. debiii sand may be the
accrescent in frui tS,tamens 5, white, ca, 1 mm reason that i thas been overlooked until recently.
long, epipetalous, alternate tepals (Fi g2,B); an- No plants intermedia tbeetween them have been
thers intrors ead,nate, Nectaries 5, white, spatu- found,
late c,a. O.3-O, 5mm long ,inserte bdetween base The classification of Polygonacea ehas been
of pist ialnd stamens, superposed to tepals (Fig.complicated due to extensive diversification
2B). Styl e1, white, ca. 1 mm long ,3-divde din (Par k1988, Kim & Donoghue 2008). Four tribes
upper 1!2 ,included ,stigmas capitate (Fig .2C), and eight genera are recognized in Japan: Rumex
Achenes enclosed in periant ht,rigonous ,ovoid, and Oryria in Rumiceae, lhgopyrum in Fagopy-
ca. 3 mm long ,smooth, lustrou bsrown (Fi g2.D, reae, Polygonum and Ftillop iian Polygoneae,
Di), Bistorta ,Aconogonon and Persicaria in Persicar-
Chromosome number, 2n = 18 (Fi g3.) ieae (Yonekur a2006). The genera Polygonum,
lapanese name. Ibyobo-Tanisoba (nov.). Fkrtiopi aB,istort aA,conogonon and Persicaria
The Japanese name, Toyobo-Tanisoba, refers are sometimes lumped with Po4Mgonum, but we
to the beautif ut1ufted infiorescences. treat these groups as distinc tgenera as in many
DistribtttionJ.apan,Honshu: Aichi,Gifu
and modern systems.
Nagano Prefecture sS.haded moist places along Within Per,giear iHaa,raldso n(197 8r)ecog-
streams and in open wet grassland isn mountain- nized sections Persicaria (ca 60 spp.), Cepha-
ous areas (Fi g4,). 1ophilon (ca .16 spp.), 7bvara (ca 3, spp,) and
Other JAPAN, Honshu:Aichj Echinocaulon (ca 2.1 spp.). All fbur sections and
specimens examined,
Prefi ,Kitashitara-gun ,Toyone-mura, 7t)mivama, C. 39 species have been reported from Japan (YO-
Sio,ama 3078 (KANA[208660] )C.. Su.vama 3079 nekura 2006).
(KANA[208661] ),C Suyama 3080 (KANA Persicaria geocarpic ais classified int osec-
[Se2r0i8z6a6w2a 6]3)1H8;i3ga(shheirkaSbme.or-igzuanw ,aA)-s.aGhiif-uchoP,r elT's.uK,baomsiaykai-, tion Echinocaulon based on the ridged stems

hagi, Mano, itahorag a1w8 aOc,t. 2008, K, Ueno & M throughout, stems and petiole swith retrorse
CJbno s. n. (KANA[20804g ]K,ANA [208049 ]-)Na,ga- prickle soc;rea neither 2-clef tnor lacerate ;petiole
no Pref, Shimoina-gun .Neba-mura ,Hachimoriyama, C. not articulate; and filaments of starnens not dilat-
Su.varna3087{KANA[208091]). ed at base (Par k1988 ,Li et al 2003, Ybnekura
2006).
The central area of the distributio nof Pensi-
caria geocatlpica is from Men-no-ki in northeast- Eleven species of section Echinocauton are in
ern Aichi Prefectu rteo Chausu-yama, the highest Japan :Penyicaria pei:foiiat aR, senticosa, P, de-
mountain in Aichi Prefecture ,then southwest to bili sP,. thunbergii, R maackiana, P. praetermis-
the Dando-san area, north to southwest Nagano sa, P. hastatosagittat a,R muricata, P. brevio-
P.dichotoma P. (Yonekura
Prefecture and Kamiyahagi-machi in Gifu Pre- chreata, and sagittata
fectur eand east to northeast Aichi Prefectur eand 2006) ,Severa linfraspeci ftiaxca have been rec-
the southernmost distri coft Nagano Prefecture ognized within A thunbergii s. t. ,some of which
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138 ActaPhytotax.Geobot. Vol,63

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FTG. 2. Persicari ageocaipica Suyama & K. Ueda. A, A': Flore twith bracteo lBe: .lnner surface ofperianth. C: Pisti lD., D':
Achene. E: Subterranean cLeistogamous flowers .F: Subterranean fruit sG., G': Ocrea. H: Ocrea of Pers'icaria debilis. I:
InfloreseenccsofPersicariadebilis.
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Apnl 2013 SUY,N MA & ULD,x- Perslcarl ageocarplca (Po lygonace aspe. }no,v, 139
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FIG 3. Somati cchromosemes of Perstccu' igaeocajwrca (2n = 18) Bar=10/imChromosome number was eounted in root tips
from seven plant scultivated at Kanaia-a Umvers]ty,
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FIG. 4. Distributk) olfl Persteart ageoeat7)ica. e: fype ]ocaLit ye.: Additiona llocaliti c1s, :Gifu Prefectu rEcn,a-shi .Kamiya-
ha.ai M.ano, ltaheraga- a. 2i A]chi Prefecture H,igashikamo-gun, Asahi-cho, Tsubosak] .3: Aichi Prefecture K,itashitara-
gun, Tk)yone-mura ,Tomiyama.
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have been proposed at specific rank (Hana i& clebilis (Meisn .H). Gross ex W. T. Lee at sight.
Serizawa 2008) ,Additional species are known But can be recognized as distinc ton the basi sof
from other parts of the world (Sanch eetz aL several unique morphological characteristics as
2011). listedbelow.

Persicariageocatzt)icaissimilartoPensicaria
Key to the Japanes especies of Persicaria Mill.
la .Stems prickleles s(exc Rl. bungeana : with scattered prickl eosn stem)
.....,....,.....,....,...H..H."H-.-.H-H...H....,....,,....,,....,..,.......,.,,,",,,,-,SectionsPersicaria,Cephalophilon,lbvara
lb .Stems sparsely to densel yprickl aylong ridges (Secti oEenhinoeaulon} .......................................................2
2a. Flower s3-5 mm long ;inflorescen cwieths many flewer s(o r1 or 2 flower sin axits); flower sopening
simultaneously."...H..H".."...H.."H."..."....H....,....,.....,....,,.,........,,,,..,....H...-...."..H-...-...-..Hm.H....-..H...H...H....3
2b. Flowers 1.5-2 mm long; inflorescence swith 1-severa ]fiowers terrninal on peduncle; flowers opcning suc-
cessively.H....H...,,....,....H...H...-...H..H"".".-...H.........H....,....,,....,,....,..............."...".."....H...m."...."..-...,..........,4
3a .Inflorescence scompound racemes .................... P... .mu.ri.c.at.a,... .P., .p.r.ea.t.e.r.m.issa, P, breviochreata
3b. Infierescenee scapitate, condensed short racemes, or fiowers 1 or 2 in axiLs
,, R. peizfotia Rta s,enticosa, R thunbergii s.L, P. maackiana, P. hastatosagittat aR, dichotoma P. sagittata
4a, Flowers seyeral in condensed racemes (Fi g2,I) ;peduncles clustered in leafaxil aspe;x of ocreae with small
dilated leaflike limb (Fig 2.H); bracteole sherbaceous, green to pale green; stamens and nectaries 6-8
'''''"''''"'H"'H"''"'''"'''"''-･･････････････････････････-･･-････-･･-･･･-･･-･･･-････-･･････････････････..,,.,,.,..,,.,,,.,,,,,..,.,,.-...-..Rdebilis

4b. Flowers 1 or 2(or 3) ,short pedicella otnc long peduncle a;pex ofocreae brist[y-eil ibartaec;teol emesmbran-
ceous, pale green to pale sanguLneous; stamens and ncctaries 5...-..........,....,,....,.... g.e,o.c.a.t.p,i,c.a...,......P.
Cleistogamy dunculate terminal or axillary inflorescenc aep-s
Cleistogam yoccurs in up to 700 species in 50 pear at the beginnin gofJuly and bear one, two, or
familie sof angiosperms (Cull e&y Klooster rarely three shortly pedicellat eCH flower( so)n
2007). In most cases, there are clear morphologi- each peduncle ,The CH flowers usually las tfbr 3
cal difTerence sca,lled, dimorphic cle{stogamy, or 4 days.
between cleistogamous (CL )and chasmogamous In the lat efiowerin gseason, from mid Sep-
(CH) fiower sin Fabaceae ,Violaceae L,amiaceae tember to October ,some rather short stout axil-
and Balsaminaceae. In Polygonaceae, some pop- lary peduncle sare produced at the base of the
ulations of Per:sicari athunbergii s. I .[sectiosntem and develop CL flower snear ground level,
Echinocaulon ]have been reported to produce di- At the sarne tirne, the terminals inflorescences
morphic CL flowers (Hirats u1k98a4) .The CL bend down into the wet soil and also fbrm CL
flowers are formed only in axillary inflorescences flowers as the plant sbecome decumbent by the
en the lower stem and the frui tare underground extension of later ablranche s(Fi g5,) .We did not
or at ground leve lT.hree species of Polygonum find any morphological differen cbeetween the
s.L were reported by Culley & Klooster (2007 t)o CL and CH flowers in Pensicaria geocaF:pica ,We
bear induced CL flowers a,nd one species was re- consicler the situation in R geocarpica to be in-
ported to produce dimorphic CL flowers. duced cleistogamy (Cull &e yKlooster 2007)
A remarkable characteristic of Persicaria where certain fiowe rare changed from CH to CL
geocat:pica is that the CL flower sare produced in depending on enyironmental conditions.
two differen tpositio nosf the inflorescence slate Even though the periant hofthe CL flowers is
in the fiowerin sgeason. enclosed by the bracts t,he polle nofthe unopened
The seeds of Persicari ageocarpica germi- fiower shas already attached to the stigma. Fruit-
nate in the spring. The solitary or clustered pe- ing set in CL flower sappears to be high.
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April:cn r, Sul･,xxi &,x t. 1 1).x--Per.s icvrit igc'oczu'pic' t(tPol>.gonaceae s}p.. nex. 141
FIc T.5. Persic(ti 'gieaoccn7)ic'a in autunin. Photo.graph lsaken on )' October. 2008. ,4 /L/pper portion ot' plant ]ying o,n .ground
{Suxajna .;O;9 K.,XN,ALI2086611 )B,: Terinina ]and axi][ar}' infloreseences becoTning decuTnhenl during [at eseason flo"er-
in.g,

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We thank Mr Y, Yoshida for thoughtful collaboration, and ne seikatsushi to shinka 1, pp, S7-80 ,Baifakan ,lb-
Mr M, Umebayashi tbr preparin tghe illustrati oWnes a.re kyo.(inJapanese)
indebte dto the curators of KYO, SHIN, TI, TNS, Horai- Kim, S.-T .& M. J, Donoghue. 2008, Molecular phylogeny
jis aNantural History Museum and Toyohashi Muscum of off'ersicaria(Persicarieae,Polygonaceae).Syst.Bot.
Natural History for allowing us to study their specimens. 33 :77-86.
Our gratitu dies also extended to the members of the Li ,A., B. Bqjian, A, E, Grabovskaya-Borodin aS,.-P.
foyohashi Botanist Club ibr their tellowship in fiel dob- Hong, J. McNeil1, S. L. Mosyakin, H. Ohba & C.W.
servatlons. Park ,2003. PolygQnacea Ae, L Jussieu ,in: Wu, Z, Y,,
P. H. Raven & D,iY, Hong (eds ,F)]o,ra ofChina VoL.
References 5, pp. 277-350 .Scienc ePress ,Beijin gand Missouri
Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Park, C.-W. 1988. Taxonomy ofPolygonum Sectio nEchi-
Culley T,. M. & M. R. Klooster, 2007 .The cleistogamous nocaulon (Polygonac eMaeme.) .New York Bot.
breeding system: a review ofits frequency, evolution, Gard. 47: 1-82.
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73: 1-30. 2011 .Taxonomy of Polygonoide a(ePolygonace aae)i
Hanai, T. & S. Serizawa. 2008. Persicaria thunbergii new tribal classification. Taxon 60: 151-160.
(Polygonace aande) its allies in Japan ,Shidekobushi Suyama, C. & K. Ueda. 2006. A new species `Persicaria
1: 3-26. (i nJapanese) geocarpica r'elated to R debii i(sPolygonac Je. Pale.).
Haraldson, K. 1978. Anatomy and taxonoiny in Polygona- Res. 1 19 Suppl. 49.
ceae subfam, Polygonoidea Meeisn .emend. Jaretzky. Yonekura, K. 2006. Polygonacea ein :Iwatsuk iK,,, D, E.
Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22: 1-95. Bouffbrd & H. Ohba, (eds) F,lora of Japan IIa ,pp.
Hiratsuka, A. 1984. 3. Tade ka shokubutsu no seikatsushi 122-174. Kodansha, Tbkyo.
to Kotaigundoutai. in: Kawano, S. (ed. )Sh,okubutu
Received October 26, 201i; aeeepted September i3 ,20i2
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