Persian Writing on Music: A Study of Persian Musical Literature from 1000 to 1500 AD (Studia Iranica Upsalienisa)

277 Pages·2005·1.93 MB·English

by  Mehrdad Fallahzadeh

ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS
Studia Iranica Upsaliensia
8
To Bo Utas
Persian Writing on Music
A study of Persian musical literature
from 1000 to 1500 AD
By
Mehrdad Fallahzadeh
Doctoral Dissertation at Uppsala University 2005
© Mehrdad Fallahzadeh 2005
ISSN 1100-326X
ISBN 91-554-6219-7
Printed in Sweden by Elanders Gotab, Stockholm 2005
Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
www.uu.se, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Fallahzadeh, M. 2005. Persian Writing on Music. A study of Persian musical
literature from 1000 to 1500 AD. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica
Upsaliensia 8. 268 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-6219-7
This dissertation is an attempt to understand and map the development of Persian
writings on music, focusing on their various approaches and variations of topics
from the beginning of the 11th century to the end of the 15th century which can be
called the classical period of Persian writing on music.
The rise of Persian musical literature as a part of Persian learned literature was a
result of the political and cultural decentralization of the Abbasid Caliphate. Like
most other genres of learned literature in Persian, translation and abridgements of
and commentaries (šarh(cid:795)s) on Arabic works played a crucial role in the rise and
establishment of Persian musical literature.
The most important conclusions to be drawn from the present study are that we
can distinguish between two main approaches in Persian writings on music, viz. the
religious and non-religious approaches, and that there is a pattern in the development
of Persian writings on music which provides us with a periodization of the
development of this literary genre. According to the macro periodization of Persian
writings on music which is presented in this study, we can identify five different
stages in the development of the genre; 1) the initial period: ca 1000-1110; the first
intermezzo: ca 1110 up to 1175; 3) the period of establishment: ca 1175-1299; 4)
the first Golden Age of the genre: ca1300-1435; 5) the second intermezzo: ca1435-
1500.
Keywords: Persian literature, writings on music, religious and non-religious
approaches, music theory, sam(cid:407)‘, topic, periodization.
Mehrdad Fallahzadeh, Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala
University, Box 635, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
Contents
Acknowledgments...........................................................................................1
Transliteration system.....................................................................................2
List of transliteration..................................................................................3
Abbreviations..................................................................................................4
Introduction.....................................................................................................7
Prelude........................................................................................................7
The scope of the work................................................................................8
Purpose and method.................................................................................13
Sources.....................................................................................................16
Previous research......................................................................................17
The arrangement of the work...................................................................19
Definitions, explanations and other remarks............................................19
Chapter 1 Roots............................................................................................22
Writing on music prior to the rise of the Arabic musical literature.........22
The rise of Arabic musical literature........................................................29
Old- and Middle Persian and writing on music........................................35
Chapter 2 Writing on music during the 11th century.....................................38
Background..............................................................................................38
Exposition.................................................................................................40
D(cid:407)niš-n(cid:407)mah-i ‘Al(cid:407)’(cid:431)by Ibn S(cid:431)n(cid:407) and J(cid:460)zj(cid:407)n(cid:431)....................................41
Šarh(cid:795)-i Kit(cid:407)b al-ta‘arruf li-ma(cid:298)hab ahl al-tas(cid:796)awwuf by Mustaml(cid:431).......48
S(cid:794)ad mayd(cid:407)n by al-Ans(cid:1174)(cid:407)r(cid:431).....................................................................53
Kašf al-mah(cid:794)j(cid:460)b by al-Hujw(cid:431)r(cid:431)..............................................................54
Q(cid:407)b(cid:460)s-n(cid:407)mah by Kayk(cid:407)w(cid:460)s b. Iskandar.............................................61
Translation of al-Ris(cid:407)lah al-Qušayriyyah by Ab(cid:460) ‘Al(cid:431) al-H(cid:1177)asan b.
Ah(cid:1175)mad al-‘Utm(cid:407)n(cid:431)...............................................................................65
Chapter 3 Writing on music during the 12th century.....................................68
Background..............................................................................................68
Exposition.................................................................................................70
K(cid:431)miy(cid:407)-yi sa‘(cid:407)dat by (cid:420)az(cid:407)l(cid:431)................................................................71
Al-tas(cid:794)fiyah f(cid:431) ah(cid:795)w(cid:407)l al-mutis(cid:796)awwifah by ‘Abb(cid:407)d(cid:431)...............................75
H(cid:789)ad(cid:407)’iq al-anw(cid:407)r f(cid:431) h(cid:798)aq(cid:407)’iq al-asr(cid:407)r by Faxr al-R(cid:407)z(cid:431)........................78
The second Persian translation of al-Ris(cid:407)lah al-Qušayriyyah by an
anonymous translator...........................................................................84
Ms of undated work copied during the 12th century............................84
Persian translation of Taqw(cid:431)m al-s(cid:798)ih(cid:794)h(cid:794)ah.........................................84
Chapter 4 Writing on music during the 13th century.....................................87
Background..............................................................................................87
Exposition.................................................................................................89
(cid:406)d(cid:407)b al-s(cid:798)(cid:460)fiyyahby Najm al-D(cid:431)n Kubr(cid:407).............................................90
Persian rendering of Ih(cid:794)y(cid:407)’ ‘ul(cid:460)m al-d(cid:431)n...............................................92
Dar ‘ilm-i m(cid:460)s(cid:431)q(cid:431)by B(cid:407)b(cid:407) Afz(cid:1175)al.........................................................93
H(cid:789)ad(cid:431)qat al-h(cid:795)aq(cid:431)qat by Ah(cid:1174)mad J(cid:407)m.....................................................94
Ris(cid:407)lah-i sirr-i sam(cid:407)‘by ‘Al(cid:407)’ al-Dawlah Simn(cid:407)n(cid:431)............................96
Persian rendering of ‘Aw(cid:407)rif al-ma‘(cid:407)rifby Ab(cid:460) Mans(cid:1175)(cid:460)r M(cid:407)š(cid:407)(cid:298)ah....97
Ašj(cid:407)r wa atm(cid:407)r by ‘Al(cid:407)’ Munajjim.....................................................98
Kanz al-rum(cid:460)z by Am(cid:431)r H(cid:1177)usayn(cid:431) Haraw(cid:431)..........................................100
Durrat al-t(cid:407)j li-(cid:421)urrat al-Dub(cid:407)j by Qut(cid:1149)b al-D(cid:431)n Š(cid:431)r(cid:407)z(cid:431).....................102
Mss of undated works copied during the 13th century.......................107
Mujmal al-h(cid:794)ikmat..........................................................................107
Ris(cid:407)lah-i mus(cid:431)q(cid:431) by Muh(cid:1174)ammad Nayš(cid:407)b(cid:460)r(cid:431)..................................110
Chapter 5 Writing on music during the 14th century...................................116
Background............................................................................................116
Exposition...............................................................................................118
Ris(cid:407)lah-i Firayd(cid:460)n b. Ah(cid:794)mad Sipahs(cid:407)l(cid:407)r dar Ah(cid:794)w(cid:407)l-i Mawl(cid:407)n(cid:407) Jal(cid:407)l
al-D(cid:431)n Mawlaw(cid:431).................................................................................119
Awr(cid:407)d al-ah(cid:794)b(cid:407)b wa fus(cid:795)(cid:460)s(cid:795) al-(cid:407)d(cid:407)bby Ab(cid:460) al-Maf(cid:407)xir Yah(cid:1174)y(cid:407) B(cid:407)xarz(cid:431)
...........................................................................................................121
Mis(cid:795)b(cid:407)h(cid:794) al-hid(cid:407)yat wa mift(cid:407)h(cid:794) al-kif(cid:407)yat by ‘Izz al-D(cid:431)n K(cid:407)š(cid:407)n(cid:431)........125
Ris(cid:407)lah-i(cid:254)ang by Qamar(cid:431)..................................................................128
Naf(cid:407)’is al-fun(cid:460)n f(cid:431) ‘ar(cid:407)’is al-‘uy(cid:460)n by (cid:406)mul(cid:431)...................................128
Persian rendering of Kit(cid:407)b al-adw(cid:407)rby Yah(cid:1174)y(cid:407) b. Ah(cid:1174)mad K(cid:407)š(cid:431)........133
T(cid:788)ar(cid:431)qat-n(cid:407)mahby Faq(cid:431)h Kirm(cid:407)n(cid:431)......................................................134
Kanz al-tuh(cid:794)af by H(cid:1177)asan K(cid:407)š(cid:407)n(cid:431).........................................................137
Xul(cid:407)s(cid:796)at al-afk(cid:407)r f(cid:431) ma‘rifat al-adw(cid:407)r by a certain Ših(cid:407)b al-D(cid:431)n S(cid:1175)ayraf(cid:431)
...........................................................................................................145
(cid:420)unyat al-munyat by Anonymous Author.........................................146
Persian translation of al-Adw(cid:407)rby As‘ad al-Samarqand(cid:431)..................149
Ma‘dan al-ma‘(cid:407)n(cid:431) by Yah(cid:1174)y(cid:407) Man(cid:413)r(cid:431).................................................149
Qas(cid:796)(cid:431)dahby anonymous poet.............................................................150
Mss of undated works copied during the 14th century.......................150
A collection of hymns...................................................................150
Al-muxtas(cid:795)ar al-muf(cid:431)d f(cid:431) bay(cid:407)n al-mus(cid:431)q(cid:431) wa us(cid:795)(cid:460)l ah(cid:794)k(cid:407)mah.........152
Chapter 6 Writing on music during the 15th century...................................155
Background............................................................................................155
Exposition...............................................................................................157
J(cid:407)mi‘ al-alh(cid:801)(cid:407)n by ‘Abd al-Q(cid:407)dir al-Mar(cid:407)(cid:421)(cid:431)......................................157
Maq(cid:407)s(cid:794)id al-alh(cid:802)(cid:407)n by ‘Abd al-Q(cid:407)dir al-Mar(cid:407)(cid:421)(cid:431)..................................167
Šarh(cid:802)-i Adw(cid:407)r by ‘Abd al-Q(cid:407)dir al-Mar(cid:407)(cid:421)(cid:431)........................................169
Collection of songs by ‘Abd al-Q(cid:407)dir al-Mar(cid:407)(cid:421)(cid:431)...............................176
Naq(cid:407)wat al-adw(cid:407)r by a son of ‘Abd al-Q(cid:407)dir al-Mar(cid:407)(cid:421)(cid:431)..................179
Music treatise by Mi‘m(cid:407)r...................................................................181
Ris(cid:407)lah-i m(cid:460)s(cid:431)q(cid:431)by ‘Abd al-Rah(cid:1174)m(cid:407)n J(cid:407)m(cid:431)........................................186
Maq(cid:407)s(cid:796)id al-adw(cid:407)r by Mah(cid:1174)m(cid:460)d b. ‘Abd al-‘Z(cid:431)z b. Xw(cid:407)jah ‘Abd al-
Q(cid:407)dir b. (cid:420)ayb(cid:431) al-H(cid:1177)(cid:407)fiz al-Mar(cid:407)(cid:421)(cid:431).....................................................187
Mss of undated works copied during the 15th century.......................188
Bay(cid:407)n-i qat(cid:769)a‘(cid:407)t-i(cid:254)(cid:431)n(cid:431)....................................................................188
Dar as(cid:407)m(cid:431)-i daw(cid:407)zdah maq(cid:407)m.....................................................188
Chapter 7 Summary, conclusions and periodization...................................190
Summary and conclusions......................................................................190
The 11th century.................................................................................191
The 12th century.................................................................................197
The 13th century.................................................................................199
The 14th century.................................................................................205
The 15th century.................................................................................209
Periodization: Time and feature.............................................................212
Micro periodization: periodization of the approaches and their
categories...........................................................................................213
Non-religious approach.................................................................213
Theoretical texts.......................................................................213
Verse/rhymed prose, medical and didactic texts and collections
of songs.....................................................................................216
Religious approach........................................................................217
Factual prose texts....................................................................217
Texts in verse/rhymed prose and collections of songs.............220
Macro periodization: periodization of the genre................................221
Epilogue......................................................................................................224
Appendix 1..................................................................................................227
Appendix 2..................................................................................................228
Appendix 3..................................................................................................231
Appendix 4..................................................................................................249
Appendix 5..................................................................................................252
Bibliography...............................................................................................254
Index...........................................................................................................259
List of errata

M ajor errors

page Line reads should read

1 15 been made made
1 21 Dr Najafi, Mr Muhadis, Mr Karegar. Dr Mahd-Ali Khajeh Najafi, Mr Ali
Muhaddis, Mr Dariush Kargar.
85 18 appendix 4 appendix 5
96 12 these topics have lost their importance this topic has lost its importance
149 16 to the translation of al-Adwār by Kāšānī. to chapter 1 (pp. 33-4).
201 29 during the first part of the 13th the mid-13th
213 17 of 1500. of 1400.

M inor errors

page Line reads should read

1 23 Carin Boyes Karin Boye
4 16 Sipahsālar Sipahsālār
10 22 times time
11 15 Mahšūn Mašhūn
23 Footnote 11, line 2 Nīd nīd
29 27 times time
40 Footnote 26, line 2 work works
49 40 Ya‘qub Ya‘qūb
71 22 Theology theology
76 22 sama‘ samā‘
77 31 wojūd wujūd
84 14 forth fourth
90 28 Ms. Ms
98 11 Sayf Sayf
116 14 monetory monetary
122 21 at samā‘ in samā‘
131 Footnote 79, line 2 1. ikmat-i ...; 2. ... ikmat-i 1. hikmat-i ...; 2. ... hikmat-i
136 3 sama‘ samā‘
137 1 of Kirmānī in Kirmānī’s
151 6 Yazici Yazıcı
152 6-7 (under column 1) in (under column 3) in Persian
152 30 and 31 al-musīqī al-mūsīqī
154 28 al-musīqī al-mūsīqī
156 Footnote 89, line 5 reigning reigned
156 Footnote 90, line 2 135 135 f.
161 21 two stringed two-stringed
173 14 predecessors the predecessors
173 Footnote 99, line 8 asāba‘ asābi‘
195 31 li-mażhab li-mażhab ahl
203 Footnote 120, line 5 times time
218 3 li-mażhab li-mażhab ahl
221 28 ca. ca
229 7 Songs songs
229 20 Names names
230 9 Songs songs
243 2 times time
245 4 times time
247 6 times time
254 26-7 ed. Bāqirzadah, (line 26) ed. Bāqirzādah, Tehran, pp.
Tehran, pp. 321-326. 321-326.