Table Of ContentPeripheral
Endovascular
Interventions
Second Edition
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Rodney A. White, MD
Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery,
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California.
Professor of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, California
Thomas 1. Fogarty, MD
Professor of Surgery,
Stanford University Medical Center,
Stanford, California
Editors
Peripheral
Endovascular
Interventions
Second Edition
With 293 Illustrations, 51 in Full Color
" Springer
Rodney A. White, MD Thomas J. Fogarty, MD
Chief, Division of Vascular Surgery Professor of Surgery
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Stanford University Medical
Torrance, CA 90509, USA Center
and Stanford, CA 90509, USA
Professor of Surgery
UCLA School of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Peripheral endovascular interventions / [edited by] Rodney A.
White, Thomas J. Fogarty.
p. cm.
Inc1udes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-3107-1 ISBN 978-1-4757-3105-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-3105-7
1. Peripheral vascular diseases-Endoscopic surgery.
2. Blood-vessels-Endoscopic surgery. 3. Intravenous catheterization.
4. Arterial catheterization.
I. White, Rodney A. 11. Fogarty, Thomas J.
RD598.5 .P4742 1998
617.4'13059-ddc21 98-44697
Printed on acid-free paper.
First edition © 1996 by Mosby.
© 1999 Springer Science+ Business Media New York
Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 1999
SoEtcover reprint oE the hardcover 2nd edition 1999
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ISBN 978-1-4757-3107-1 SPIN 10662927
Preface to the
Second Edition
Tbe first edition of Peripheral Endovascular Interventions was devel
oped to furnish a comprehensive review of the subject for individuals
from different disciplines. It offered a thorough overview of accepted
techniques and methods, as weIl as information needed to adapt
endovascular technologies to clinical practice. Additional sections
briefty discussed new concepts so that the reader was kept informed
of future developments.
Since the publication of the first edition in 1996, the field has rapidly
evolved and several new technical advances have occurred. Tbe utility
and utilization of imaging techniques, particularly ultrasound and
spiral Computed Tomography, and several new devices, including
endovascular prostheses, have matured. Tberefore, several new chap
ters have been added to provide detailed discussions of these
advances and provide a overview of their potential for clinical appli
cation. An additional group of new chapters addresses specific topics,
including disobliteration techniques, inferior vena caval filters, bra
chocephalic angioplasty, tibioperioneal angioplasty, and endoscopic
first rib resection. Other developing areas discussed in detail include
laparoscopic aortic procedure, endoluminal radiation therapy, and
carotid angioplasty and stenting. Approximately 40% of the material
in this edition is new, and the entire text updated to reffect the current
status of peripheral endovascular treatments.
As with the first edition, our intention is not to recommend or
promote the use of endovascular methods before they are proven by
appropriate clinical studies, but rather to provide a detailed assess
me nt of potential advantages. To accomplish this goal, we have made
timely production and publication of this book a priority.
Rodney A. White, MD
Thomas J Fogarty, MD
Preface to the
First Edition
Catheter-based diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases has
evolved over the last several decades, with arecent increase occurring
in the utility of the therapeutic methods. This development has been
stimulated by several factors including miniaturization of interven
~ional devices and imaging technologies, and an emphasis on the uti
lization of minimally invasive, cost-effective treatments that reduce
the economic impact of health care delivery. As part of this evolution,
the development and adaption of new interventional techniques and
devices has produced a continual need for updating and training
physicians in several subspecialties regarding the use of these method
ologies. This requires not only adapting the technologies to current
clinical practice but also establishing educational training curriculum
in subspecialty fellowship programs.
Because endovascular technologies are of multispecialty interest, a
review of the entire scope of fundamental information regarding each
aspect of the field is required to furnish a comprehensive review that
will provide specific utility for individuals from different disciplines.
For this reason, we have undertaken the development of this text to
satisfy two goals. The first is to provide a broad overview of the entire
range of topics for clinicians with little or no background relative to
the subject matter. Secondly, those with some familiarity will find
definitive informational material to allow adaptation of endovascular
technologies to their current clinical practice.
To adequately understand and safely use catheter-based interven
tional therapies, knowledge of a number of topics beyond the clinical
indications and techniques for applying endovascular methods is
required. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of vas
cular disease, safety issues regarding interventional devices and
imaging methods, and a comprehension of fundamental biomaterials
concepts is needed. These topics are addressed in detail and represent
relatively mature aspects of this field that are otherwise characterized
by continual change in devices and techniques as the field expands.
Additional sections of the book attempt to introduce and briefty
discuss new concepts that may be of utility in the future, such as endo
luminal prostheses, catheter-based drug delivery systems, and percu-
viii Preface to the First Edition
taneous vascular sealing devices. The obvious liability in including
these topics in the text is that some may not be adopted or practical
for broad clinical application. In this regard, it is not our intent to rec
ommend or promote the use of investigational endovascular methods
before they are proven by appropriate clinical studies, but rather to
provide a detailed assessment of potential advances. To accomplish
this goal, we have made timely production and publication of
this book a priority so that information presented is as current as
possible.
Rodney A. White, M.D.
Thomas 1. Fogarty, M.D.
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition .......................... v
Preface to the First Edition ............................ vii
Contributors ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 Evolution of Endovascular Therapy:
Diagnostics and Therapeutics ....................... 3
Thomas 1 Fogarty and Amitava Biswas
2 Pathophysiology of Vascular Disease ................. 11
Christopher K. Zarins and Seymour Glagov
PART 11 COMPONENTS OF AN
ENDOVASCULAR PRACTICE
3 Training and Credentialing in Endovascular Surgery ..... 33
G. Patrick Clagett and Kenneth E. McIntyre Ir.
4 Assessment of Vascular Patients
and Indications for Therapy ........................ 41
Christian de Virgilio
5 Establishing an Endovascular Service ................ 53
Rodney A. White and Thomas 1 Fogarty
6 Anesthesia for Endovascular Procedures .............. 59
Daniel F. Grum
7 Intraprocedural Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Lawrence N. Sampson, Iuan Ayerdi, and Sushil K. Gupta
8 Postintervention Surveillance of
Endovascular Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
lohn P. Henretta and Kim 1 Hodgson
x Contents
9 Safety Considerations for Endovascular Surgery . . . . . . .. 119
George E. Kopchok
PART III FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT FOR
ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTION
10 Endovascular Suite Design ......................... 133
Edward B. Diethrich
11 Image Production and Visualization Systems: Angiography,
US, CT, and MRI ................................. 143
Suzanne M. Slonim and Lewis Wexler
12 Preoperative and Postoperative Spiral CT Evaluation
of Patients Undergoing Placement of Endovascular
Stent-Grafts ..................................... 161
Irwin Walot
13 Angioscopy: Instrumentation, Techniques,
and Applications ................................. 177
Amold Miller and luha P. Salenius
14 Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging .... ............... 195
Martin R. Back, George E. Kopchok, and Rodney A. White
PART IV ENDOVASCULAR
INSTRUMENTATION AND DEVICES
15 Biomaterials: Considerations for
Endovascular Devices ............................. 219
Martin R. Back and Rodney A. White
16 Catheter Skills ................................... 247
Edward V. Kinney, Thomas 1. Fogarty,
and Christine E. Newman
17 Devices and Techniques for Vascular Access: Utility and
Limitations of Current Methods ..................... 259
Rodney A. White and Thomas 1. Fogarty
18 Balloon Angioplasty ........... ................... 269
lohn V. White, Ibrahim G. Eid, Amit Kharod,
and Sherry Scovell
19 Catheter Thromboembolectomy ..................... 289
Thomas 1. Fogarty, Amitava Biswas,
and Christine E. Newman
20 Disobliteration Techniques ......................... 309
Gwan H. Ho and Frans L. Moll
Contents xi
21 Intravascular Stents ............................... 321
Vimal Murthy, Himanshu Shah, and Michael C. Dalsing
22 Laser Angioplasty ................................ 353
Warren S. Grundfest
23 Intraluminal Grafts: Historical Perspectives 361
Marco Scoccianti and Rodney A. White
24 Endovascular Treatment of Traumatic Arteriovenous
Fistulas and Pseudoaneurysms and of Arterial
Occlusive Disease ................................ 371
Carlos E. Donayre
25 Endovascular Repair of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms . . . .. 383
Bradley B. Hill, Christopher K. Zarins,
and Thomas J Fogarty
26 Techniques, Case Selection, and Pitfalls Associated with
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair .................... 391
Robert C. Allen and Thomas J Fogarty
27 Inferior Vena Caval Filters: Impact of
Endovascular Technology .......................... 403
Mary C. Proctor and Lazar J Greenfield
PART V SPECIALIZED ENDOVASCULAR
TECHNIQUES
28 PTA and Stenting of Subclavian and
Innominate Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 413
Amir Motarjeme
29 Role of Angioplasty in Limb Salvage ................. 423
D.E. Schwarten
30 Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting 429
Edward B. Diethrich
31 Complications and Troubleshooting .................. 445
Frank J Criado, Omran Abul-Khoudoud,
and Eric Wellons
32 Thrombolysis: Peripheral Arterial Applications .. . . . . . .. 455
Carlos E. Donayre and Kenneth Ouriel
33 Combined Surgical and Endovascular Approaches ...... 481
lames May and Geoffrey H. White
34 Laparoscopic Aortic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 497
Carlos R. Gracia and Yves-Marie Dion
35 Endovenous Surgery .............................. 515
lohn J Bergan and Patricia E. Thorpe
