Table Of ContentPerformance of DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines
Due to environmental pollution and climate change, the use of renewable energy
sources as an alternative means of power generation is on the rise globally. This is
because of their clean nature, which makes them eco-friendly with little or no pollu-
tion compared to traditional fossil fuel power-generated power plants.
Among the various renewable energy sources, wind energy is one of the most
widely employed, due to its promising technology. Wind turbine technologies could
be classified into two groups as follows: Fixed Speed Wind Turbines (FSWTs) and
Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWTs). There have been tremendous improvement
in wind turbine technology over the years, from FSWTs to VSWTs, as a result of fast
innovations and advanced developments in power electronics. Thus, VSWTs have
better wind energy capture and conversion efficiencies, less acoustic noise and
mechanical stress, and better power quality in power grids without support from
external reactive power compensators due to the stochastic nature of wind energy.
The two most widely employed VSWTs in wind farm development are the Doubly
Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(PMSG) wind turbines. In order to solve transient stability intricacies during power
grid faults, this book proposes different control strategies for the DFIG and PMSG
wind turbines.
Performance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines
Kenneth E. Okedu
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Kenneth E. Okedu
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ISBN: 978-1-032-39507-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-39690-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-35091-0 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003350910
Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................xv
Author ....................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Overview of Wind Energy Installations and Wind Turbine Technologies ....1
1.1 Overview of Global Wind Energy Installations .........................1
1.2 Classification of Wind Energy Conversion System ...................6
1.3 Overview of Wind Turbine Technologies ..................................6
1.3.1 Fixed Speed Wind Turbines..........................................6
1.3.2 Variable Speed Wind Turbines .....................................6
1.4 Overview of DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines ..........................7
1.5 DFIG Wind Turbine Modeling ..................................................9
1.6 PMSG Wind Turbine Modeling ...............................................11
1.7 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................14
References ..........................................................................................14
Chapter 2 DFIG with Different Inverter Schemes ..............................................17
2.1 Chapter Introduction ................................................................17
2.2 Model System of Study ...........................................................18
2.3 Variable Speed Drive Control ..................................................19
2.4 DFIG Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel
Converter Topology .................................................................22
2.5 DFIG Parallel Interleaved Multilevel Converter Topology .....23
2.6 Simulation Results and Discussions ........................................28
2.6.1 SDBR Switching and Position ...................................28
2.6.2 2-Level Interleaved Inverter and SDBR .....................30
2.6.3 3-Level Inverter, 2-Level Interleaved Inverter
and SDBR ...................................................................32
2.6.4 Proposed PLL Control Strategy and the Various
Schemes ......................................................................34
2.7 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................35
References ..........................................................................................37
Chapter 3 DFIG Performance and Excitation Parameters ..................................39
3.1 Chapter Introduction ................................................................39
3.2 Model System of Study ...........................................................39
3.3 DFIG Variable Speed Drive Control ........................................40
3.4 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Excitation Parameters ........42
3.5 Fault Ride Through Requirements for Wind Farms ................43
3.6 Evaluation of the System Performance ...................................43
v
vi Contents
3.6.1 Effects of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Excitation
Parameters on the DFIG Wind Turbine ......................43
3.7 Proposed PLL Control Strategy and
SDBR Scheme .........................................................................48
3.8 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................49
References ..........................................................................................50
Chapter 4 PMSG Performance and Excitation Parameters .................................51
4.1 Chapter Introduction ................................................................51
4.2 Modeling of the PMSG Wind Turbine ....................................53
4.3 Control Strategy for the PMSG Wind Turbine ........................53
4.4 Excitation Parameters of the Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistors of the PMSG Wind Turbine ..................................53
4.5 Evaluation of System Performance .........................................57
4.5.1 Effects of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Excitation
Parameters on the PMSG without Overvoltage
Protection Scheme (OVPS) ........................................57
4.5.2 Effects of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Excitation
Parameters on the PMSG Considering
Overvoltage Protection Scheme (OVPS)....................59
4.6 Analysis of the DFIG Wind Turbine Considering the
Power Converters Excitation Parameters.................................61
4.7 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................62
References ..........................................................................................63
Chapter 5 DFIG and PMSG Machine Parameters ..............................................67
5.1 Chapter Introduction ................................................................67
5.2 Turbine Characteristics and Model of DFIG Wind
Turbine .....................................................................................69
5.3 Turbine Characteristics and Model of PMSG Wind
Turbine .....................................................................................71
5.4 Evaluation of the System Performance ...................................72
5.4.1 DFIG Wind Turbine Machine Parameters’
Evaluation ...................................................................72
5.4.2 PMSG Wind Turbine Machine Parameters’
Evaluation ...................................................................77
5.5 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................82
References ..........................................................................................82
Chapter 6 PMSG in Different Grid Strengths .....................................................87
6.1 Chapter Introduction ................................................................87
6.2 Modeling of the PMSG Wind Turbine ....................................88
6.3 The Model System and Control Strategy of the PMSG ..........88
Contents vii
6.4 Mathematical Dynamics of Connecting the SDBR in the
PMSG Wind Turbine ...............................................................89
6.5 Dynamics of Weak Grids and Voltage Source Inverters ..........93
6.6 Results and Discussions ..........................................................94
6.6.1 The Placement and Effective Sizing of the
SDBR in PMSG-Based Wind Turbine .......................94
6.6.2 Improving the Performance of PMSG Wind
Turbine in Weak Grids Considering the Effective
Size of SDBR .............................................................97
6.6.3 Analysis of the Proposed Scheme Considering
Asymmetrical Faults ...................................................99
6.6.3.1 Double-Line-to-Grid Fault
(2 LG Fault) ................................................99
6.6.3.2 Line-to-Line Grid Fault (LL Fault) ...........100
6.6.3.3 Line-to-Ground Grid Fault
(1 LG Fault) ..............................................102
6.6.3.4 Comparison of the Various Asymmetric
Fault Conditions ........................................103
6.7 Chapter Conclusion ...............................................................104
References ........................................................................................104
Chapter 7 DFIG and PMSG in Weak and Strong Grids ....................................107
7.1 Chapter Introduction ..............................................................107
7.2 Modeling and Control ............................................................108
7.2.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics ...................................108
7.2.2 DFIG Model and Control .........................................108
7.2.3 PMSG Model and Control ........................................110
7.3 Mathematical Dynamics of SDBR in DFIG Wind
Turbine ...................................................................................111
7.4 Mathematical Dynamics of SDBR in PMSG Wind
Turbine ...................................................................................112
7.5 Results and Discussions ........................................................115
7.5.1 Operation of the DFIG and PMSG Wind
Turbines at Different Grid Strengths ........................115
7.5.2 Improving the Performance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
Considering the Effective Sizing of SDBR ..............118
7.5.3 Improving the Performance of DFIG and
PMSG Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
Considering Overvoltage Protection System
(OVPS) .....................................................................120
7.5.4 Improving the Performance of DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines in Weak Grids Considering
SDBR and Overvoltage Protection System ..............120
viii Contents
7.5.5 Improving the Performance of DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines in Weak Grids Considering 75
and 50% of the Effective SDBR and Overvoltage
Protection System .....................................................121
7.5.6 Investigating the Performance of DFIG
and PMSG Wind Turbines in Weak Grids
Considering the Effective SDBR and
Overvoltage Protection System in a
Single-Line-to-Ground Fault ....................................123
7.6 Chapter Conclusion ...............................................................125
References ........................................................................................125
Chapter 8 DFIG Wind Turbines and Supercapacitor Scheme ...........................127
8.1 Chapter Introduction ..............................................................127
8.2 Modeling and Control ............................................................128
8.2.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics and DFIG
Control ......................................................................128
8.3 The DFIG Model with Supercapacitor System .....................128
8.3.1 The Dynamics of the Traditional Supercapacitor
System ......................................................................128
8.3.2 The Dynamics of the Supercapacitor System
in DFIG Wind Turbines ............................................130
8.4 The Model System of Study and Parameters .........................132
8.5 Simulation Results and Discussions ......................................133
8.5.1 Evaluation of the Proposed DFIG Supercapacitor
Scheme .....................................................................133
8.5.2 Evaluation of the Proposed DFIG Supercapacitor
Scheme and Parallel DFIG Capacitor Scheme .........136
8.5.3 Evaluation of the Proposed DFIG Supercapacitor
System during Asymmetrical Faults at Super-
synchronous and Sub-synchronous Speeds ..............139
8.5.4 Performance of the Proposed Scheme under
Zero-Voltage Condition at the Terminal
of the Machine ..........................................................141
8.6 Chapter Conclusion ...............................................................143
References ........................................................................................143
Chapter 9 PMSG Wind Turbine with Series and Bridge Fault
Current Limiters ...............................................................................145
9.1 Chapter Introduction ..............................................................145
9.2 Overview of Fault Current Limiter Topologies .....................145
9.3 Modeling of the PMSG Wind Turbine with
Back-to-Back Converters .......................................................146
Contents ix
9.4 The Power Converter Control of the PMSG Wind
Turbine ...................................................................................148
9.5 The PMSG Model System with SDBR and BFCL ...............149
9.6 Evaluation of the System Performance .................................154
9.7 Chapter Conclusion ...............................................................157
References ........................................................................................157
Chapter 10 PMSG with Capacitive Bridge Fault Current Limiters ....................161
10.1 Chapter Introduction ..............................................................161
10.2 The PMSG Model System with the Different Fault
Current Limiters ....................................................................162
10.2.1 PMSG Wind Turbine with SDBR ............................162
10.2.2 PMSG Wind Turbine with BFCL .............................166
10.2.3 PMSG Wind Turbine with the CBFCL ....................167
10.3 Control Strategy of the PMSG Wind Turbine........................169
10.4 Evaluation of the System Performance .................................171
10.5 Chapter Conclusion ...............................................................174
References ........................................................................................174
Chapter 11 Comparative Study of DFIG and PMSG with Different Fault
Current Limiters ...............................................................................177
11.1 Chapter Introduction ..............................................................178
11.2 Modeling and Control ............................................................180
11.3 DFIG and PMSG Model Systems with the Fault
Current Limiters ....................................................................180
11.4 Mathematical Dynamics of SDBR in DFIG and PMSG
wind turbines .........................................................................182
11.4.1 SDBR in DFIG Wind Turbines ................................182
11.4.2 SDBR in PMSG Wind Turbines ...............................184
11.5 Dynamics of BFCL and CBFL on DFIG and PMSG
Wind Turbines .......................................................................187
11.5.1 DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines with BFCL ..........187
11.5.2 DFIG and PMSG Wind Turbines with CBFCL ........188
11.6 Evaluation of the System Performance .................................190
11.6.1 Performance of the DFIG and PMSG Wind
Turbines Considering SDBR and BFCL ..................190
11.6.2 Performance of the DFIG Wind Turbine
Considering SDBR, BFCL and CBFCL ..................192
11.6.3 Performance of the PMSG Wind Turbine
Considering SDBR, BFCL and CBFCL ..................194
11.7 Chapter Conclusion ...............................................................195
References ........................................................................................198
