Performance of Cement-Based Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments: State-of-the-Art Report, RILEM TC 211 - PAE

469 Pages·2013·9.8 MB·English

by  Alexandra Bertron (auth.)

Performance of Cement-Based Materials
in Aggressive Aqueous Environments
RILEM STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORTS
Volume 10
RILEM, The International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction
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Mark Alexander • Alexandra Bertron
Nele De Belie
Editors
Performance of
Cement-Based Materials
in Aggressive Aqueous
Environments
State-of-the-Art Report, RILEM
TC 211-PAE
Editors
MarkAlexander AlexandraBertron
DepartmentofCivilEngineering LMDC(LaboratoireMate´riauxetDurabilite´
UniversityofCapeTown desConstructions)
Rondebosch,SouthAfrica UPS-INSAGe´nieCivil
Universite´deToulouse,France
NeleDeBelie
MagnelLaboratoryforConcreteResearch
FacultyofEngineeringandArchitecture
GhentUniversity
Ghent,Belgium
ISSN2213-204X ISSN2213-2031(electronic)
ISBN978-94-007-5412-6 ISBN978-94-007-5413-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-5413-3
SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht
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Preface
Concreteandcement-based materialsarethemostwidelyusedbuildingmaterials
globally, finding application in such diverse situations as buildings of all kinds,
civil engineering structures, water supply and drainage infrastructure, agro-
industrial infrastructure, transport infrastructure, and so on. Concrete is economi-
cal and watertight, provides good mechanical strength, ensures good thermal
inertia, and conforms to the health standards imposed by industry, making it a
material of choice for many applications. However, many of the environments to
which concrete is exposed are highly aggressive due to various chemical and/or
biological components, and the demands made on concrete to perform in such
environments are likely to grow substantially in years to come as the built infra-
structure expands and environmental pollution increases. These environments are
often aqueous in nature, comprising natural environments such as soft waters,
sea waters or ground waters, or man-made such as industrial environments, and
treated water or wastewater and polluted environments.
Insuchenvironments,concreteissubjectedtoprocessesofdegradationinvolv-
ing ion addition and exchange reactions, leading to breakdown of the matrix
microstructure and weakening of the material. Sometimes this can be extremely
rapidandserioussuchasinacidicenvironments,whileinothercasesdegradation
oftheconcretematrixoccursoverlongperiods,forexampleinmildorsoftwaters.
However,inalmostallcases,thescaleoftheproblemmeansthattheconsequences
are severe. Concrete failure can adversely affect the well-being of human
communities and disturb ecological balances. There are also large direct costs
from the need to maintain and sometimes replace deteriorated infrastructure,
and indirect costs linked with suspension ofproduction or reduction in transport
mobilityduringmaintenancework.Thisallplacesagreatburdenonsociety.
Withtheseproblemsinmind,RILEMTechnicalCommitteeTC211-PAE1was
formed in2005.Its aimwastoaddress performance ofcement-based materialsin
aggressive aqueous environments, where the main form of degradation relates to
1Performanceofcement-basedmaterialsinaggressiveaqueousenvironments.
v
vi Preface
hydrate alteration and transformation of mineralogy by ion exchange between
the material and the environment, involving mass exchanges. One of the TC’s
objectives was to consider the scientific nature of the problem. Another objective
wastoattempttoprovideengineeringapproachesforaddressingtheseproblemsin
practice. TheTC hadthe ambitiousaimofseeking tofurnishanunderstandingof
concreteperformanceoverabroadrangeofenvironmentsintermsoffundamental
mechanisms and processes. It sought to provide a generic framework for these
processes,aswellasguidelinesformaterialselectionandprecautionarymeasures
for adequate performance in aggressive environments. Construction and design
standardswererecognizedasimportant.TheTCtookacriticalapproachtoexisting
standards,withaviewtoprovidingaframeworkwithinwhichimprovedstandards
andguidelinescouldbewritten.Theworkofthetechnicalcommitteehasaddressed
manyoftheseaims.
Focus of TC
ThefocusoftheTC’sworkwasonthreemaingroupsofaggressivewaters:
• Moderatetohighlysalinewaters(otherthanmarinewaters),e.g.sulfate-bearing
waters,magnesium-bearingwaters
• Softoracidicwaters,e.g.purenaturalwaters,organicwaters,drainageeffluents
suchassewers,acidicwatersofvariousorigins(inorganicandorganicacids)
• Marinewaters(butwithchlorideingressnotbeingamajorfocus)
There was a lesser focus on highly aggressive industrial effluents. The
approach was to recognise that all aqueous environments are aggressive to
cement-based materials to a certain degree; therefore aqueous solutions should
beconsideredaspartofacontinuumfrompure(ion-free)waterstohighlysaline
solutions, with intervening solutions of various salinities and ionic constituents.
Indeed, some less saline solutions may be more aggressive than more highly
saline solutions. In addition, the mobility of waters in regard to the attacked
structures is important. While the scope of aggressive environments considered
wasfairlybroad,certaindeteriorationaspectswerespecificallyexcludedfromthe
work, such as rebar corrosion (extensively covered in other RILEM Technical
Committees),alkali-aggregatereaction,andphysicalandcavitationaldamage.
RILEMTC211-PAEmetasaCommitteeforthefirsttimeinSeptember2005.
Since then the committee has held several meetings and organised two public
events:anInternationalWorkshopinGhentinSeptember2007,2andaConference
in Toulouse in June 2009.3 Both of these events yielded valuable Proceedings
whichhavecontributedtothisSTARreport.Numerousinformalcommunications
have,ofcourse,beenheldovertheyearsbetweenmembersoftheTC.
2ProceedingsoftheRILEMTC211-PAEWorkshop,Ghent,September2007.(RILEMPRO057,
120pp.,e-ISBN:978-2-35158-059-2).Ed.NDeBelie.
3ProceedingsoftheRILEMTC211-PAEFinalConference,Toulouse,June2009.(2volumes,
598pp.ISBN978-2-35158-071-4).Eds.M.G.Alexander&A.Bertron.
Preface vii
ThisState-of-the-ArtReport(STAR)isthecompilationoftheworkofmultiple
authorswhoworkedingroupstoproducetheneededknowledgeandinformation.
FourWorkingGroupswereorganised,eachtacklingadifferentaspect:
I. Nature of degradation and deterioration mechanisms, including kinetics, of
cement-basedmaterialsand different cementitioussystems in aggressiveaque-
ousenvironments,consideringthecompositionsofrealenvironments
II. ModellingofdeteriorationandServiceLifeModellinginsuchenvironments
III. Test methods to assess performance of cement-based materials in such
environments, which can beusedtocharacteriseand raterelativeperformance
aswellastoinformlongtermpredictions
IV. Engineering implications and consequences of deterioration in aggressive
aqueousenvironments,andengineeringapproachestotheproblem
Details of TC members are given at the end of this Preface. Members of the
Working Groups are indicated in the following table. Each group comprised
ContributingandAssociatemembers,allowingcoordinationandcross-referencing
betweenthevariousworkinggroups.
Workinggroup Contributingmembers Associatemembers
INatureoftheproblem: Convenors: KarenL.Scrivener,NeleDe
Characterisationand AlexandraBertron Belie,R.DougHooton,
degradationaspects FredrikP.Glasser BarbaraLothenbach
Jose´eDuchesne
GillesEscadeillas
EsperanzaMene´ndez
ManuSanthanam
ThomasMatschei
IIModeling Convenor: FredrikP.Glasser
EricSamson
PatrickLeBescop
BarbaraLothenbach
KennethA.Snyder
EmmanuelGuillon
IIITestmethods Convenor: PatrickLeBescop,Clyde
NeleDeBelie Fourie
AlexandraBertron
MartaCastellote
KarenL.Scrivener
R.DougHooton
MarkG.Alexander
ManuSanthanam
KimVanTittelboom
Q.Yuan
IVEngineering Convenor: MarkG.Alexander,Clyde
AnjanChatterjee Fourie
AlasterGoyns
EachWorkingGroupcontributedaparttotheSTARreport,whichthushasfour
parts. Parts I and III comprise multiple chapters, while Parts II and IV have one
chapter each, giving a total of 16 chapters. The main contributing authors are
viii Preface
acknowledged at the start of each chapter. Chapter drafts underwent a review
process byotherassigned members ofthe TC. These reviewers are alsoacknowl-
edgedineachchapter.Thepartandchaptertitlesareasfollows:
Part I. Mechanisms of degradation of cementitious materials in aggressive
aqueousenvironments
1. GeneralintroductiontoPartI
2. Sulfateattackofconcrete
3. Magnesiumattackofcementitiousmaterialsinmarineenvironments
4. Leaching of cementitious materials by pure water and strong acids (HCl
andHNO )
3
5. Ammoniumnitrateattackoncementitiousmaterials
6. Attackofcementitiousmaterialsbyorganicacidsinagriculturalandagrofood
effluents
PartII.Modelingdegradationofcementitiousmaterialsinaggressiveaqueous
environments
7. Modeling degradation of cementitious materials in aggressive aqueous
environments
Part III. Methods for testing concrete degradation in aggressive aqueous
environments
8. Generalconsiderations
9. Testsforleachinganddegradationinsoftorcarbonatedwaters
10. Testmethodsforresistanceofconcretetosulfateattack–acriticalreview
11. Testingfordegradationbyinorganicacids
12. Bacteriogenicsulfuricacidattackofcementitiousmaterialsinsewagesystems
13. Testmethodsforchloridetransportinconcrete
14. Testmethodsformagnesiumattack
15. Methodsfortestingcementitiousmaterialsexposedtoorganicacids
Part IV. Cementitious materials performance in aggressive aqueous
environments–engineeringperspectives
16. Cementitious materials performance in aggressive aqueous environments –
engineeringperspectives
I wish to acknowledge with sincere gratitude the Convenors of the Working
Groups for facilitating the work of their groups. I also wish to acknowledge
the contributions of the members of the working groups. All these individuals
have contributed large amounts of time and effort in drafting what is hoped will
beavaluableadditiontotheliteratureinthisarea.
Iwishspecificallytoacknowledgethetremendousassistanceandeffortsofmy
co-editors: Dr Alexandra Bertron and Prof Nele De Belie. They have gone well
beyond the call of duty in ensuring an excellent outcome to the STAR, besides
actingasconvenorsoftheirownworkinggroups.Iammuchobligedtothem!
ProfMarkG.Alexander(UniversityofCapeTown,SouthAfrica)
ChairofRILEMTechnicalCommitteeTC-211PAE
Preface ix
MarkG.Alexander
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,
UniversityofCapeTown,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
AlexandraBertron
Universite´ deToulouse;UPS-INSA;LMDC(Laboratoire
Mate´riauxetDurabilite´desConstructions);
135,avenuedeRangueil;F-31077ToulouseCedex04,France
NeleDeBelie
MagnelLaboratoryforConcreteResearch,
DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,GhentUniversity,
Technologiepark–Zwijnaarde904,B-9052Ghent,Belgium