Performance Matching of Hydraulic Energy Converters and Wind Turbines for Heating Purposes

102 Pages·2013·1.79 MB·English

University of Massachusetts Amherst
ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst
Wind Energy Center Reports UMass Wind Energy Center
1979
Performance Matching of Hydraulic Energy
Converters and Wind Turbines for Heating
Purposes
M. G. Rolland Jr.
Duane E. Cromack
William E. Heronemus
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Rolland, M. G. Jr.; Cromack, Duane E.; and Heronemus, William E., "Performance Matching of Hydraulic Energy Converters and
Wind Turbines for Heating Purposes" (1979).Wind Energy Center Reports. 14.
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PERFORMANCE MATCHING OF HYDRAULIC
ENERGY CONVERTERS AND WIND
TURBINES FOR IIEATING PURPOSES
Technical Report
by
M.G. Rolland, Jr., D.E. Cromack and W.E. Heronemus
Energy Alternatives Program
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
December 1979
Prepared for the United States Department of Energy
,
and Rockwell International Rocky Flats Plant, Golde~,
CO under Contract Number PF67025F.
This report was prepared t o document work sponsored by
the United States Government. Neither t h e United States
nor its agent t h e Department of Energy, nor any Federal
employees, nor any of t h e i r contractors, sub-contractors,
or t h e i r employees, make any warranty, express o r implied,
or assume any legal l i a b i l i t y or responsibility f o r the
accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information,
apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represent t h a t
its use would not infringe private owned rights.
ABSTRACT
An investigation of a fluid brake device designed to convert
wind energy to neat is reported for small to moderate sire wind
turbine applications. Fluid devices of three different geometries
with vaned rotors were examined for power capacity and operating range.
Converter size and geometry was related to rotational speed through
a parametric study of the wind turbine and fluid energy converters.
Wind tunnel tests, laboratory experimen-is, and analytic techniques
lead to the development of three candidate hydraulic converters for
matching the 10 m diameter Wind Furnace Model Four.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
...................................................
DISCLAIMER ii
.....................................................
ABSTRACT iii
...........................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS i v
.............................................
LIST OF FIGURES v i
...............................................
LIST OF TABLES v i i i
...........................................
LIST OF SYMBOLS i x
...............................................
INTRODUCTION 1
............
CHAPTER 1 ENERGY DEMAND AND IU'IND ENERGY RESOURCE 5
..........................
CHAPTER 2 WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE 10
.......................
CHAPTER 3 HYDRAULIC ENERGY CONVERTERS 18
.......................
3.1 HISTORICAL EXAMINATION 19
3.2 LIMITATIONS OF HYDRAULIC ENERGY
..................................
CONVERTERS 23
CHAPTER 4 ANALYTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
.......................
HYDRAULIC ENERGY CONVERTERS 30
.........................
4.1 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 30
....................
4.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE DEVICE 32
............
4.3 OPERATING RANGE AND WORKING FLUID 33
.......................
4.4 OFF DESIGN PERFORMANCE 34
..........................
4.5 NUMERICAL PRECISION 35
....................
4.6 TIME RESPONSE AND INERTIA 36
CHAPTER 5 MATCHING OF WIND TURBINES AND HYDRAULIC
.................................
ENERGY CONVERTERS 46
...........
CHAPTER 6 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SCALE MODEL 50
..............................
6.1 TEST PROCEDURE 51
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
.....................................
6.2 RESULTS 53
6.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............4. 5
CHAPTER 7 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE WIND
...............................
FURNACE MODEL FOUR 64
TWISTER'^) ........................
7.1 THE WATER 66
.................
7.2 THE WIND FURNACE MODEL FOUR 66
.............................
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 74
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
.......................................
1.1 Wind Energy i n Iowa 8
1.2 Analytical Comparison o f Wind Energy and Heat
....................
Demand for an Average New England Home 9
..........
2.1 Summary of Power Coefficient and Tip Speed Ratio 16
........
2.2 Relationship of Speed and Power for Wind Furnace I 17
(R) .......................................
3.1 Water Twister 12 25
................
3.2 Geometry of Several Hydraulic Dynamometers 26
......................
3.3 Vane Detai 1 o f Reynol ds Dynamometer -27
..............................................
3.4 Torus Detail 28
..........................................
3.5 Stream Line Flow 29
4.1 Empirical Power Number of Several Different
....................................
Hydraulic Dynamometers 42
............
4.2 Typical Performance o f a Hydraulic Dynamometer 43
.....................
4.3 Kinematic Viscosity o f Several F7 uids 44
............................................
4.4 Torus Geometry 45
5.1 Parametric Relationship of Wind Tu.r bines
...........................
and Hydraulic Energy Converters 49
.............................................
6.1 Rotor Details 55
.................................................
6.2 Prototype 56
...............................................
6.3 Vane Detail 57
...............................................
6.4 Test Detail 58
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
.......
6.9 Comparison of Analytic and Experimental Results 63
..........................................
7.1 Project Plan 68
..................................
7.2 Model Four Version A 69
..................................
7.3 Model Four Version B 70
..................................
7.4 Model Four Version C 71
7.5 Relationship of Speed and Power for
................
Water ~wister(R)M odel 12 and Model 14 72
.....................
7.6 Wind Furnace Model Four Version C 73
LIST OF TABLES
Page
.................
2.1 Cal cul ati on of Wind Energy Conversi on 15
4.1 Power Characteri stic s of Several
...............................
Hydraulic Dynamometers 40
4.2 Calculation of Power Number and
.......................................
Relative Error 41
..............
6.5 Details o f the Wind Rotor Test Facility 59
............................
6.6 Details of Test Equipment 60
..........................................
6.7 Sample Data 62
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Rotor swept area
Damping term
Weibul 1 scale parameter
Specific heat of working fluid
Power coef f i c i ent
Vane depth
Time derivative of fl ui d temperature
Energy converter rotor diameter
Wind rotor diameter
Total system mass mment of inertia
Weibul? shape parameter
Empirical proportionality constant
Torsional stiffness
Mass of working fluid
Speed ratio
Power
Theoretics; power in the wind
Rotor radius
Torque
Wind speed
Mean wind speed
Work
F? uid temperature change
Angu? ar position