Percutaneous Absorption of UV Filters Contained in Sunscreen Cosmetic Products: Development of Analytical Methods

224 Pages·2014·5.396 MB·English

by  Zacarías León González (auth.)

Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
Zacarías León González
Percutaneous
Absorption of UV
Filters Contained in
Sunscreen Cosmetic
Products
Development of
Analytical Methods
Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
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Zacarías León González
Percutaneous Absorption
of UV Filters Contained in
Sunscreen Cosmetic Products
Development of Analytical Methods
Doctoral Thesis accepted by
the University of Valencia, Spain
123
Author Supervisors
Dr. Zacarías León González Prof.Alberto Chisvert Sanía
Faculty ofChemistry, Department of Prof.Amparo Salvador Carreño
Analytical Chemistry Faculty ofChemistry, Department of
Universityof Valencia Analytical Chemistry
Valencia Universityof Valencia
Spain Valencia
Spain
ISSN 2190-5053 ISSN 2190-5061 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-01188-2 ISBN 978-3-319-01189-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01189-9
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013942984
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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Parts of this thesis have been published in the following journal articles:
(permissiontoreproduceortoadaptthesearticlesinthisthesishasbeenobtained
by courtesy of Springer-Verlag, Elsevier Ltd, and Royal Society of Chemistry)
1. LeónZ,BalaguerA,ChisvertA,SalvadorA,HerraezM,DíezO,‘‘Areversed-
phase ion-interaction chromatographic method for in vitro estimation of the
percutaneousabsorptionofwater-solubleUVfilters’’,AnalBioanalChem(2008),
391:859–866.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-008-2013-0
2. León Z, Chisvert A, Balaguer A, Salvador A, ‘‘Development of a fully auto-
mated sequential injection solid-phase extraction procedure coupled to liquid
chromatography to determine free 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and
2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone-5-sulphonic acid in human urine’’, Anal
Chim Acta (2010), 664:178–184. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S000326701000228X
3. León Z, Chisvert A, Tarazona I, Salvador A, ‘‘Solid-phase extraction liquid
chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for the deter-
mination of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone and its metabolites in both
human urine and semen’’, Anal Bional Chem (2010), 398:831–843.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-010-3947-6
4. León Z, de Vlieger J, Chisvert A, Salvador A, Lingeman H, Irth H, Giera M,
‘‘Identification of the Biotransformation Products of 2-Ethylhexyl 4-(N,N-
Dimethylamino)benzoate’’, Chromatographia (2010), 71:55–63. http://link.
springer.com/article/10.1365/s10337-009-1386-3
5. León-González Z, Ferreiro-Vera C, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD,
‘‘Targeting metabolomics analysisof the sunscreen agent 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N,N-
dimethylamino)benzoate in human urine by automated on-line solid-phase
extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with liquid
chromatography–time-of-flight/massspectrometryconfirmation’’,JChromatogr
A (2011), 1218:3013–3021. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0021967311004080
6. León-González Z, Ferreiro-Vera C, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD,
‘‘Bioaccumulation assessment of the sunscreen agent 2-ethylhexyl 4-(N,N-
dimethylamino)benzoate in human semen by automated online SPE-LC–MS/
MS’’, Anal Bioanal Chem (2011), 401:1003–1011. http://link.springer.com/
article/10.1007/s00216-011-5141-x
7. León-González Z, Chisvert A, Fernández I, Salvador A, ‘‘A solid-phase
extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the
percutaneous absorption assessment of 3-(40-methyl-benzylidene)camphor via
human urine analysis’’, Anal Methods (2013), 5:367–375 (Reproduced by
permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry). http://pubs.rsc.org/en/
content/articlelanding/2013/ay/c2ay25490e
Apreta fort les dents,
apreta els punys.
Infla’t d’aire els pulmons,
obre bé els ulls.
Fes treballar el cap,
controla el cor.
No tanques mai la boca,
crida ben fort.
Deixa’t anar,
dóna’t tot tú.
Ovidi Montllor
To my father,
because I know that wherever he is,
he’s proud of me
To my mother,
because she is the reference of my life
Supervisors’ Foreword
The use of high efficacy sunscreens is necessary to minimize the harmful effects
that can be caused to the human body by an excessive exposure to sun radiation.
Nowadays, dermatologists strongly recommend the use of sunscreen products not
only when incidenceof extreme sun exposure (i.e., beach, snow, etc.), butalsoin
daily situations. However, these cosmetic formulations contain in their composi-
tion chemical compounds, commonly known as UV filters, which undergo some
undesirable processes, such as percutaneous absorption and systemic effects.
The final aim of this Ph.D. thesis has been the development and validation of
analytical methods based on both in vitro (Chap. 2) and non invasive in vivo
(Chaps. 3–9) procedures which allow to gain more information about the adverse
sideeffectsthatcanbeproducedtothehumanbodybytheUVfilterscontainedin
sunscreen formulations. Hence, the described methodologies would help to con-
tributetothedesignofcosmeticformulationsabletoprovideahighlevelofsafety
without any kind of risks to the users.
Theinvitromethodologyusedtoestimatepercutaneousabsorptionprocessesof
the most common water-soluble UV filters in sunscreen cosmetics (Chap. 2) was
based on the use of diffusion cells.
In vivo procedures include the determination of UV filters in biological fluids
from users of sunscreens that applied cosmetic formulations at different extent
containing the target compounds in their composition. The target UV filters that
were invivostudied inthisPh.D. thesishave been benzophenone-3(Chaps. 3–5),
ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA (Chaps. 6–8), and methyl benzylidene camphor
(Chap. 9).
TheanalyticaltechniquesusedalongthestudyinvolvedtheuseofLC-UV,LC-
MS and GC-MS, coupled to sample preparation techniques (i.e., solid-phase
extraction), thus providing the student a wide vision of analytical possibilities to
apply in the future.
Furthermore, the metabolic pathway of a widely used UV filter was first elu-
cidated by both in vitro and in vivo methodologies (Chaps. 6–8). Other important
highlight from this thesis has been the determination of UV filters and its
metabolites in human semen for the first time (Chaps. 5 and 8), thus opening
xi