People and wildlife conservation in Tanzania : three case studies of shifting paradigms from the colonial to independence eras

148 Pages·2000·3.9 MB·English

by  Haslerig, Janet Miliah

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PEOPLE AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN TANZANIA: THREE CASE
STUDIES OF SHIFTING PARADIGMS FROM THE COLONIAL TO
INDEPENDENCE ERAS
By
JANET MILIAH HASLERIG
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY f
' UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
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Copyright 2000
by
JANET MILIAR HASLERIG
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Formy Mama, Miliah Dickerson Haslerig, and with living memories ofmy Dad, John
Haslerig, and friend, WilHe Ryles.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Funding formy research was provided through a cooperative effort between
Tuskegee University (USAID grant) and the University ofFlorida. Academic support
was received from the College ofAgricultural and Life Sciences, the Graduate Minority
Fellowship program, the Delores Auzerme Fellowship, and the U.S. Geological Survey.
For their assistance and support, I am sincerely indebted.
My sincere thanks go to my advisor, mentor, and friend Dr. Lawrence Harris
whose inspiring vision, enduring commitment, and advice guided me through this
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'<; process. I am eternally grateful for the moral support, counsel, and relentless guidance
>, r -v from my committee members: Richard Bodmer, Michael Chege, Goran Hyden and
Patricia Werner. Thanks also to other faculty members from the Department ofWildlife
?^, Conservation and Ecology, Raymond Carthy and Franklin Percival, who provided
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additional support and made important contributions at various stages ofmyresearch.
u^^i'lV Adebt ofgratitude is owed to numerous team members, staff, and students at
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''^.- Sokoine University in Morogoro, Tanzania, who provided the logistical and technical
assistance needed in conducting my fieldwork. I especiallythank the manyparticipants
in the villages, Udzungwa and Mikumi National Parks, Mkomazi Game Reserve,
Tanzania National Park Authority, and the Tanzania Wildlife Department for their
invaluable contributions and assistance. Ziyah Mahfoud ofIFAS Statistical Consulting
assisted with data analyses ofquestionnaires. Luther Quinn and the University of
jj-' Florida's Electronic and Dissertation consultants provided assistance with scanning and
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other computer logistics. Editorial assistance was graciouslyprovided by Carolyn
Horter, whose contribution greatly influenced the success ofthis endeavor.
Finally, I give many thanks and blessings to current and former staffofthe
Department ofWildlife Ecology and Conservation, my colleagues, mentors, friends, and
family for their steadfast support. Through all the frustrations, disappointments,joys and
laughter, I am truly thankful for each ofthem.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iv
LIST OF FIGURES x
ABSTRACT
xi
CHAPTERS
:
INTRODUCTION
1 1
Problem Statement 1
Changing Conservation Paradigms 5
Conservation Management Approaches 7
Objectives 9
Chapter Format 10
2 HISTORICAL SURVEY OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN TANZANIA 13
Scramble for Eden 13
Man and Nature in Tanganyika: Colonial Era 16
Conservation Reawakening 18
Formalizing Conservation 19
Nature ofthe Land 21
Man andNature in Tanzania: Independence Era 29
Political Environment 29
CurrentNature ofthe Land 33
3 STUDY AREAS AND METHODS 40
Study Areas 44
UdzungwaNational Park 45
Mikumi National Park 47
Mkomazi Game Reserve 49
Methodology 56
SUA/TU Linkage Project 57
Project Villages 58
t.-f.
VI
Village-Level Activities 59
Questionnaires 60
Study Tour 63
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT
APPROACHES IN THREE PROTECTED AREAS 64
Udzungwa and Mikumi National Parks 65
Contemporary Conservation Management Approaches 65
Current State ofAffairs 68
Mkomazi Game Reserve 69
Historical Approaches 69
Contemporary Approaches 72
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Current State ofAffairs 77
High Court decision 77
Illegal encroachment 80
Internet 81
Discussion 83
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SURVEYS AND STUDY TOURS: _v*
UDZUNGWA AND MIKUMI NATIONAL PARKS
85
Questionnaire Surveys 85
Household 85
Socio-economic and background information 86
Knowledge ofconservation 86
Attitudes toward the park and conservation 88
Crop damage and animal loss 94
Village Leaders 97
Concerns ofliving near the park 97
Suggestions to reduce crop damage and animal loss 97
Women's Group 98
Concerns ofliving near the park 98
Suggestions to reduce crop damage andpark relations 99
Park Staff 100
Problems facing local communities near the park 100
Future management priorities 100
Study Tour 101
Discussion 104
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 106
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APPENDICES
A HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
Ill
B VILLAGE LEADERS QUESTIONNAIRE '. 116
C PARK STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE 118
REFERENCES
120
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
L Comparison ofconservation management approaches 2
2. Internet searches for the Mkomazi Game Reserve 82
3. Number ofhouseholds and summary ofsocio-economic and background information..87
4. Response to questions concerning the general knowledge and access to conservation
information 88
5. Attitude toward and benefits from the National Park 90
6. Views toward poachers and knowledge oftrespassing penalties 91
7. General attitude toward the current status, future management, and use ofthe
Park 92
8. Attitude toward the parks and positive benefits extended to the village 93
9. Range ofestimated economic loss per household, per growing season, for crop
and livestock (Tanzania shilling) 95
10. Crop and livestock losses according to species ofwild animals 95
1 1 Measures used to prevent crop and livestock loss and suggested measures to be
taken byPark authorities 96
12. Summary ofVillage Leaders and Sanje Women's Group opinions about village
concerns; their suggested measures to be taken to reduce crop and animal
losses, and relations with the Park 99
13. Summary ofUdzungwa and Mikumi National Park staffopinion ofvillage
level problems and park management challenges 102
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure ^_^: ,?./,,. ,-, Page
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1. Conservation management approaches and indicators ofcompliance and non-
compliance 3
2. Map ofTanzania 41
3. Map ofUdzungwa National Park 46
4. Map ofMikumi National Park and Selous Game Reserve Ecosystem 48
5. Map ofMkomazi Game Reserve 50