Peer-to-Peer Computing: Applications, Architecture, Protocols, and Challenges (Chapman & Hall CRC Computational Science)

214 Pages·2011·2.23 MB·English

by  Yu-Kwong Ricky Kwok

Computer Science K
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o
While people are now using peer-to-peer (P2P) applications for various
k
processes, such as file sharing and video streaming, many research and
engineering issues still need to be tackled in order to further advance P2P
technologies. Peer-to-Peer Computing: Applications, Architecture,
Protocols, and Challenges provides comprehensive theoretical and
P
practical coverage of the major features of contemporary P2P systems and
e
examines the obstacles to further success.
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Setting the stage for understanding important research issues in P2P systems,
r
the book first introduces various P2P network architectures. It then details
-
the topology control research problem as well as existing technologies for
t
handling topology control issues. The author describes novel and interesting
o
incentive schemes for enticing peers to cooperate and explores recent
innovations on trust issues. He also examines security problems in a P2P
-
network. The final chapter addresses the future state of the field. Throughout
P
the text, the highly popular P2P IPTV application, PPLive, is used as a case
study to illustrate the practical aspects of the concepts covered. e
e
Features
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• Discusses problems arising from the different aspects of P2P
computing and offers potential solutions
C
• Emphasizes incentives as the most fundamental component in
a P2P system
• Covers theoretical and practical aspects of key P2P components, o
such as architecture, peer selection, and topology control
m
• Proposes important research and development directions for
even more successful P2P applications
p
Addressing the unique challenges of P2P systems, this book presents
u
practical applications of recent theoretical results in P2P computing. It also
t
stimulates further research on critical issues, including performance and
i
security problems.
n
g
K10464
ISBN: 978-1-4398-0934-1
90000
www.crcpress.com
9 781439 809341
w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m
K10464 cvr mech.indd 1 7/7/11 10:51 PM
Peer-to-Peer
Computing
Applications, Architecture, Protocols, and Challenges
Chapman & Hall/CRC
Computational Science Series
SERiES EDiToR
horst Simon
deputy director
Lawrence berkeley National Laboratory
berkeley, California, U.S.A.
AiMS AND SCoPE
This series aims to capture new developments and applications in the field of computational science through the
publication of a broad range of textbooks, reference works, and handbooks. books in this series will provide introduc-
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present researchers with the latest theories and experimentation. The scope of the series includes, but is not limited
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PuBLiSHED TiTLES
PETASCALE COMPUTING: ALGOrIThMS ANd APPLICATIONS
Edited by David A. Bader
PrOCESS ALGEbrA fOr PArALLEL ANd dISTrIbUTEd PrOCESSING
Edited by Michael Alexander and William Gardner
GrId COMPUTING: TEChNIQUES ANd APPLICATIONS
Barry Wilkinson
INTrOdUCTION TO CONCUrrENCY IN PrOGrAMMING LANGUAGES
Matthew J. Sottile, Timothy G. Mattson, and Craig E Rasmussen
INTrOdUCTION TO SChEdULING
Yves Robert and Frédéric Vivien
SCIENTIfIC dATA MANAGEMENT: ChALLENGES, TEChNOLOGY, ANd dEPLOYMENT
Edited by Arie Shoshani and Doron Rotem
INTrOdUCTION TO ThE SIMULATION Of dYNAMICS USING SIMULINK®
Michael A. Gray
INTrOdUCTION TO hIGh PErfOrMANCE COMPUTING fOr SCIENTISTS
ANd ENGINEErS, Georg Hager and Gerhard Wellein
PErfOrMANCE TUNING Of SCIENTIfIC APPLICATIONS, Edited by David Bailey,
Robert Lucas, and Samuel Williams
hIGh PErfOrMANCE COMPUTING: PrOGrAMMING ANd APPLICATIONS
John Levesque with Gene Wagenbreth
PEEr-TO-PEEr COMPUTING: APPLICATIONS, ArChITECTUrE, PrOTOCOLS, ANd ChALLENGES
Yu-Kwong Ricky Kwok
fUNdAMENTALS Of MULTICOrE SOfTwArE dEvELOPMENT
Victor Pankratius, Ali-Reza Adl-Tabatabai, and Walter Tichy
Peer-to-Peer
Computing
Applications, Architecture, Protocols, and Challenges
Yu-Kwong Ricky Kwok
A CHAPMAN & HALL BOOK
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Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Road Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 P2P Applications 5
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Distributed Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Internet Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 File Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Voice over IP and Instant Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Video Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 P2P Network Architectures 29
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Structured P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.1 Chord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 CAN (Content Addressable Network) . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.3 Other Structured Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3 Unstructured (Mesh) P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 Hybrid P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5 Network Architecture with QoS Provisioning . . . . . . . . . 43
3.5.1 AAA Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5.2 Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5.3 Dynamic QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5.4 Service Brokerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
v
vi Contents
3.5.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.6 Video Streaming Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 Topology Control 55
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 A General Framework for Distributed Topology Control . . . 58
4.3 Structured Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.4 Unstructured Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.5 Network-Coding-BasedDistributed Topology Control . . . . 69
4.6 Energy Efficient Distributed Topology Control in a Wireless
P2P System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.7 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5 Incentives 75
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 Incentive Issues in P2P Systems on the Internet . . . . . . . 78
5.2.1 File Sharing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.2.1.1 BitTorrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2.1.2 HierarchicalP2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2.1.3 Payment-BasedSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2.1.4 Cost of Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.2.1.5 Reciprocity and Reputation-Based Systems . 84
5.2.1.6 Penalty-BasedApproaches . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.2.1.7 Game Theoretic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.2.1.8 Auction-Based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2.1.9 Exchange-BasedSystems . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.2 Media Streaming Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.2.2.1 LayeredMany-to-One Streaming . . . . . . . 95
5.2.2.2 Multicast One-to-Many Streaming . . . . . . 99
5.2.2.3 Coalition-BasedMedia Streaming . . . . . . 105
5.3 Incentive Issues in Wireless P2P Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.3.1 Routing and Data Forwarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.3.2 Wireless Information Sharing Systems . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3.3 Network Access Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3.4 Wireless P2P Media Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.4.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.4.2 Two Neighboring Clients . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.3.4.3 Three Neighboring Clients . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.3.4.4 The General Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Contents vii
5.5 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.7 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6 Trust 129
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.1.1 Trust Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.2 EigenTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.3 PeerTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.4 Trust-χ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.5 FuzzyTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.6 Game Theoretic Analysis on Trust Management . . . . . . . 144
6.7 SuperTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.8 PowerTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.9 GossipTrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.10 Trust Establishment in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . 150
6.10.1 Symmetric Key-BasedApproaches . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.10.1.1 Deterministic Key Pre-Distribution Schemes 150
6.10.1.2 Probabilistic Key Pre-Distribution Schemes . 151
6.10.2 Asymmetric Key-BasedApproaches . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.11 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.13 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7 Security Issues 159
7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.2 Content Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.3 Buffer Map Cheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.4 Sybil Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.5 DDoS Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.6 P2P Worm Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.7 P2P SIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.8 Collusive Piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.9 Case Study: PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.11 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8 Conclusions 171
8.1 Where Are We Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.2 Peer into the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Bibliography 175
Index 197
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
List of Figures
2.1 A general architecture of a P2P application. . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Approaches for mixing and distributing VoIP data in a multi-
party scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 A generic architecture of a P2P video streaming engine. . . . 18
2.4 AgeneralinformationexchangeprocessinaP2Pvideostream-
ing system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 AnexampleChordidentifier-ringwiththreenodescurrentlyin
the network.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Finger tables of the three nodes in the Chord ring. . . . . . . 34
3.3 Updated fingertables ofthe four nodes in the Chordringafter
node 6 joins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4 UpdatedfingertablesofthethreenodesintheChordringafter
node 3 leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5 AnexampleCANwithsixnodesorganizedintoa2-dimensional
space in which node 1 routes through 4 to reach a given point
(x,y). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.6 The updated situation of the CAN after node 7 joins. . . . . 37
3.7 An internetwork of DHT systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.8 An example protocol stack supporting the implementation of
an internetwork of DHTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.9 AtruncatedpyramidP2Pnetworkarchitectureinternetworking
several local overlays.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.10 A semi-structured P2P network architecture. . . . . . . . . . 42
3.11 Protocol architecture of UBCA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.12 UBCA components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.13 The Bristle hybrid P2P network architecture. . . . . . . . . . 45
3.14 A carrier-gradeP2P network architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.15 A dynamic QoS provisioning scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.16 The SIMS/MIMS network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.17 The MIIS network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.18 The FAMS network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.1 Anillustrationofthetopologymismatchproblem:unnecessary
and inefficient overlay connections are made between peers. . 57
ix