Pediatric nutrition in practice

349 Pages·2015·5.14 MB·English

by  B. Koletzko

World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
Editor: B. Koletzko
Vol. 113
Pediatric Nutrition
in Practice
2nd, revised edition
Editor
B. Koletzko
Co-Editors
J. Bhatia
Z.A. Bhutta
P. Cooper
M. Makrides
R. Uauy
W. Wang
Pediatric Nutrition in Practice
Supported by an unrestricted educational
grant from the Nestlé Nutrition Institute.
World Review of Nutrition and
Dietetics
Vol. 113
Series Editor
Berthold Koletzko
Munich
Pediatric Nutrition in Practice
2nd, revised edition
Volume Editor
Berthold Koletzko
Munich
Co-Editors
Jatinder Bhatia
Augusta, Ga.
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Karachi
Peter Cooper
Johannesburg
Maria Makrides
North Adelaide, S.A.
Ricardo Uauy
Santiago de Chile
Weiping Wang
Shanghai
60 figures, 27 in color, and 107 tables, 2015
Basel • Freiburg • Paris • London • New York • Chennai • New Delhi •
Bangkok • Beijing • Shanghai • Tokyo • Kuala Lumpur • Singapore • Sydney
Berthold Koletzko Jatinder Bhatia Ricardo Uauy
Division of Metabolic and Division of Neonatology INTA
Nutritional Medicine Georgia Regents University University of Chile
Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital Health Sciences Campus Casilla 138-11
Medical Center 1120 15th Street BIW 6033 Santiago de Chile (Chile)
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Augusta, GA 30912 (USA)
of Munich Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Lindwurmstr. 4 Peter Cooper
Department of Paediatrics and
DE–80337 Munich (Germany)
Department of Paediatrics Child Health
University of the Witwatersrand Aga Khan University
and Charlotte Maxeke Karachi 74800 (Pakistan)
Johannesburg Academic Hospital
Private Bag X39 Maria Makrides
Johannesburg 2000 (South Africa)
Women’s and Children’s Health
Research Institute
72 King William Road
North Adelaide, SA 5006 (Australia)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Weiping Wang
Pediatric nutrition in practice / volume editor, Berthold Koletzko ;
co-editors, Jatinder Bhatia, Zulfi qar A. Bhutta, Peter Cooper, Maria Fudan University
Makrides, S.A. Ricardo Uauy, Weiping Wang. -- 2nd, revised edition. Children‘s Hospital
p. ; cm. -- (World review of nutrition and dietetics ; vol. 113) 399 Rd. Wanyuanlu
Includes bibliographical references and index.
201102 Shanghai (China)
ISBN 978-3-318-02690-0 (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-02691-7
(electronic version)
I. Koletzko, B. (Berthold), editor. II. Series: World review of nutrition
and dietetics ; v. 113.
[DNLM: 1. Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. W1 WO898 / WS 130]
RJ206
618.92--dc23
2015006000
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and PubMed/MEDLINE.
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ISSN 1660–2242
e-ISSN 1662–2898
ISBN 978–3–318–02690–0
e-ISBN 978–3–318–02691–7
Contents
List of Contributors ....................................................................................... IX
Preface ..................................................................................................... XIV
1 Specific Aspects of Childhood Nutrition
1.1 Child Growth
Kim F. Michaelsen ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Nutritional Assessment
1.2.1 Clinical Evaluation and Anthropometry
John W.L. Puntis ............................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Diet History and Dietary Intake Assessment
Pauline Emmett .............................................................................................. 14
1.2.3 Use of Technical Measurements in Nutritional Assessment
Babette S. Zemel (cid:2) Virginia A. Stallings ...................................................................... 19
1.2.4 Use of Laboratory Measurements in Nutritional Assessment
Ryan W. Himes (cid:2) Robert J. Shulman .........................................................................23
1.3 Nutritional Needs
1.3.1 Nutrient Intake Values: Concepts and Applications
Berthold Koletzko ............................................................................................29
1.3.2 Energy Requirements of Infants, Children and Adolescents
Nancy F. Butte ................................................................................................34
1.3.3 Protein
Johannes B. van Goudoever ............................................................................................. 41
1.3.4 Digestible and Non-Digestible Carbohydrates
Iva Hojsak .................................................................................................................... 46
1.3.5 Fats
Patricia Mena (cid:2) Ricardo Uauy ............................................................................................ 51
1.3.6 Fluid and Electrolytes
Esther N. Prince (cid:2) George J. Fuchs ....................................................................................... 56
1.3.7 Vitamins and Trace Elements
Noel W. Solomons ......................................................................................................... 62
1.4 Physical Activity, Health and Nutrition
Robert M. Malina .......................................................................................................... 68
1.5 Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health
Berthold Koletzko ......................................................................................................... 72
1.6 Food Safety
Hildegard Przyrembel ..................................................................................................... 78
1.7 Gastrointestinal Development, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption
Michael J. Lentze .......................................................................................................... 83
1.8 Gut Microbiota in Infants
Akihito Endo (cid:2) Mimi L.K. Tang (cid:2) Seppo Salminen .................................................................... 87
2 Nutrition of Healthy Infants, Children and Adolescents
2.1 Breastfeeding
Kim F. Michaelsen ......................................................................................................... 92
2.2 Formula Feeding
Berthold Koletzko .......................................................................................................... 97
2.3 Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes
Neelam Kler (cid:2) Naveen Gupta (cid:2) Anup Thakur ........................................................................104
2.4 Complementary Foods
Mary Fewtrell ..............................................................................................................109
2.5 Allergy Prevention through Early Nutrition
Sibylle Koletzko ........................................................................................................... 113
2.6 Toddlers, Preschool and School Children
Hildegard Przyrembel ................................................................................................... 118
2.7 Adolescent Nutrition
Rehana A. Salam (cid:2) Zulfiqar A. Bhutta ..................................................................................122
2.8 Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation
Lenka Malek (cid:2) Maria Makrides ..........................................................................................127
2.9 Vegetarian Diets
Claire T. McEvoy (cid:2) Jayne V. Woodside .................................................................................134
3 Nutritional Challenges in Special Conditions and Diseases
3.1 Primary and Secondary Malnutrition
Lubaba Shahrin (cid:2) Mohammod Jobayer Chisti (cid:2) Tahmeed Ahmed ..............................................139
3.2 Micronutrient Deficiencies in Children
Ali Faisal Saleem (cid:2) Zulfiqar A. Bhutta ..................................................................................147
3.3 Enteral Nutritional Support
Sanja Kolaček ..............................................................................................................152
3.4 Parenteral Nutritional Support
Berthold Koletzko ........................................................................................................158
3.5 Management of Child and Adolescent Obesity
Louise A. Baur .............................................................................................................163
3.6 Reducing the Burden of Acute and Prolonged Childhood Diarrhea
Jai K. Das (cid:2) Zulfiqar A. Bhutta ...........................................................................................168
3.7 HIV and AIDS
Haroon Saloojee (cid:2) Peter Cooper .......................................................................................173
3.8 Nutritional Management in Cholestatic Liver Disease
Bram P. Raphael ...........................................................................................................178
3.9 Malabsorptive Disorders and Short Bowel Syndrome
Olivier Goulet .............................................................................................................182
3.10 Celiac Disease
Riccardo Troncone (cid:2) Marco Sarno .....................................................................................190
3.11 Food Intolerance and Allergy
Ralf G. Heine ...............................................................................................................195
3.12 Regurgitation and Gastroesophageal Reflux
Noam Zevit (cid:2) Raanan Shamir ...........................................................................................203
3.13 Childhood Feeding Problems
Maureen M. Black ........................................................................................................209
3.14 Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Ekhard E. Ziegler ..........................................................................................................214
3.15 Nutritional Management of Diabetes in Childhood
Carmel Smart .............................................................................................................218
3.16 Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Anita MacDonald .........................................................................................................226
3.17 Hypercholesterolemia
Berthold Koletzko ........................................................................................................234
3.18 Enteral Nutrition for Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Marialena Mouzaki (cid:2) Anne Marie Griffiths ............................................................................239
3.19 Nutrition in Cystic Fibrosis
Michael Wilschanski ......................................................................................................244
3.20 Heart Disease
Michelle M. Steltzer (cid:2) Terra Lafranchi .................................................................................250
3.21 Nutritional Management in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Lesley Rees ................................................................................................................254
3.22 Nutrition Rehabilitation in Eating Disorders
Berthold Koletzko ........................................................................................................259
3.23 Haemato-Oncology
John W.L. Puntis ..........................................................................................................266
3.24 Intensive Care
Jessie M. Hulst (cid:2) Koen F.M. Joosten ....................................................................................271
4 Annexes
4.1 The WHO Child Growth Standards
Mercedes de Onis ........................................................................................................278
4.2 The CDC and Euro Growth Charts
Ekhard E. Ziegler ..........................................................................................................295
4.3 Reference Nutrient Intakes of Infants, Children and Adolescents
Berthold Koletzko (cid:2) Katharina Dokoupil ..............................................................................308
4.4 Feeding My Baby – Advice for Families
Berthold Koletzko (cid:2) Katharina Dokoupil ..............................................................................316
4.5 Increasing Dietary Energy and Nutrient Supply
Katharina Dokoupil (cid:2) Berthold Koletzko ..............................................................................320
4.6 Dietary Assessment in Children
Pauline Emmett ...........................................................................................................322
5 Index
Author Index .............................................................................................................326
Subject Index ............................................................................................................327
List of Contributors
Tahmeed Ahmed Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
Centre for Nutrition and Food Security Intensive Care Unit, Dhaka Hospital &
ICDDR,B Centre for Nutrition and Food Security
GPO Box 128 ICDDR,B GPO Box 128
Dhaka 1000 (Bangladesh) Dhaka 1000 (Bangladesh)
E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected]
Louise A. Baur Peter Cooper
Clinical School Department of Paediatrics
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead University of the Witwatersrand and
Locked Bag 4001 Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital
Westmead, NSW 2145 (Australia) Private Bag X39
E-Mail [email protected] Johannesburg 2000 (South Africa)
E-Mail [email protected]
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Jai K. Das
Aga Khan University Division of Woman and Child Health
Karachi 74800 (Pakistan) Aga Khan University
E-Mail [email protected] Karachi 74800 (Pakistan)
E-Mail [email protected]
Maureen M. Black
Department of Pediatrics and Mercedes de Onis
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Department of Nutrition
University of Maryland School of Medicine World Health Organization
737 W. Lombard Street, Room 161 Avenue Appia 20
Baltimore, MD 21201 (USA) CH–1211 Geneva 27 (Switzerland)
E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected]
Nancy F. Butte Katharina Dokoupil
Department of Pediatrics Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine
USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital
Baylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich
1100 Bates Street Lindwurmstrasse 4
Houston, TX 77030 (USA) DE–80337 Munich (Germany)
E-Mail [email protected] E-Mail [email protected]