Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Fourth Edition

973 Pages·2013·42.27 MB·English

Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Pediatric Cardiac
Surgery
FOURTH EDITION
Editor
Constantine Mavroudis MD
Director, Congenital Heart Institute, Florida Hospital for Children
Site Director, Johns Hopkins Children’s Heart Surgery, Florida Hospital for Children
Orlando, FL, USA
Associate Editor
Carl L. Backer MD
Division Head, Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, formerly Children’s Memorial Hospital
Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
With illustrations by Rachid F. Idriss
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pediatric cardiac surgery. – 4th ed. / edited by Constantine Mavroudis and Carl L. Backer.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-9652-9 (hard cover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4051-9652-1
I. Mavroudis, Constantine. II. Backer, Carl.
[DNLM: 1. Cardiac Surgical Procedures. 2. Heart Defects, Congenital–surgery. 3. Child. 4. Infant.
WS 290]
LC classification not assigned
617.4'12059–dc23
2011030347
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic books.
Cover images: From left to right: courtesy of Rachid F. Idriss, courtesy of C. Mavroudis, iStock © John
Barnett, courtesy of C. Backer, courtesy of C. Backer.
Cover design by Fortiori Design
Set in 9.25/12pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2013
Contents
List of Contributors, vii Chapter 11 Intraoperative Myocardial Protection, 214
Paul J. Chai
Preface, xiii
Chapter 12 Patent Ductus Arteriosus, 225
Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Athar Qureshi,
Constantine Mavroudis, and Carl L. Backer
Chapter 1 Development of the Heart and Great Vessels, 1
Chapter 13 Vascular Rings and Pulmonary
Peter J. Gruber, Andy Wessels, and Steven W.
Artery Sling, 234
Kubalak
Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis
Chapter 2 Nomenclature and Classification of Pediatric
Chapter 14 Coarctation of the Aorta, 256
and Congenital Heart Disease, 27
Carl L. Backer, Sunjay Kaushal, and Constantine
Jeffrey P. Jacobs
Mavroudis
Chapter 3 Physiology of the Fetal and Neonatal
Chapter 15 Interrupted Aortic Arch, 283
Circulations and Fetal Cardiac Surgery, 52
Richard A. Jonas
Ashok Muralidaran, Vadiyala Mohan Reddy,
and Frank L. Hanley Chapter 16 Atrial Septal Defect, Partial Anomalous
Pulmonary Venous Connection, and Scimitar
Chapter 4 Preoperative Diagnostic Evaluation, 60
Syndrome, 295
Lourdes R. Prieto, Marcy L. Schwartz, Richard
Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis
Sterba, Janine Arruda, and Tamar J. Preminger
Chapter 17 Ventricular Septal Defect, 311
Chapter 5 Hybrid Procedures for Congenital Heart
Constantine Mavroudis, Carl L. Backer,
Disease, 84
Jeffrey P. Jacobs, and Robert H. Anderson
Mark Galantowicz, John P. Cheatham, Alistair
Phillips, Ralf J. Holzer, Sharon L. Hill, and Chapter 18 Atrioventricular Canal Defects, 342
Vincent F. Olshove Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis
Chapter 6 Anesthesia for the Patient with Congenital Chapter 19 Truncus Arteriosus, 361
Heart Disease, 103 Constantine Mavroudis and Carl L. Backer
H. Jay Przybylo
Chapter 20 Aortopulmonary Window and Aortic Origin
Chapter 7 Perioperative Care, 113 of a Pulmonary Artery, 376
Carl L. Backer, John M. Costello, Jason M. Kane, Stephanie Fuller and J. William Gaynor
and Constantine Mavroudis
Chapter 21 Isolated Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
Chapter 8 The Nurse Practitioner’s Role in Patient Obstruction, 385
Management, 143 John M. Karamichalis, Jeffrey R. Darst,
Nancy Benson, Denise Davis, Fejeania Hunter, Max B. Mitchell, and David R. Clarke
Kim Teknipp, and Jamie Thomas
Chapter 22 Tetralogy of Fallot, 410
Chapter 9 Palliative Operations, 155 Robert D. Stewart, Constantine Mavroudis,
Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis and Carl L. Backer
Chapter 10 Management of Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Chapter 23 Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Atresia
Bypass, 169 with Ventricular Septal Defect, 428
Darryl H. Berkowitz and J. William Gaynor Vadiyala Mohan Reddy and Frank L. Hanley
v
vi    Contents
Chapter 24 Ventricular to Pulmonary Artery Conduits, 443 Chapter 37 Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm, 704
John W. Brown, Osama M. Eltayeb, W. Steves Ring
Mark Ruzmetov, Mark D. Rodefeld,
Chapter 38 Coronary Artery Anomalies, 715
and Mark W. Turrentine
Constantine Mavroudis, Ali Dodge-Khatami,
Chapter 25 Double-Outlet Ventricles, 457 Carl L. Backer, and Richard Lorber
Henry L. Walters III and Constantine Mavroudis
Chapter 39 Cardiac Tumors, 744
Chapter 26 Transposition of the Great Arteries, 492 Rüdiger Lange and Thomas Günther
Constantine Mavroudis and Carl L. Backer
Chapter 40 Diseases of the Pericardium, 758
Chapter 27 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of Victor O. Morell and Ergin Kocyildirim
the Great Arteries, 530
Chapter 41 Surgical Therapy of Cardiac
Eric J. Devaney and Edward L. Bove
Arrhythmias, 769
Chapter 28 The Functionally Univentricular Heart and Constantine Mavroudis, Barbara J. Deal, and
Fontan’s Operation, 542 Carl L. Backer
Marshall L. Jacobs
Chapter 42 Heart Transplantation, 813
Chapter 29 Ebstein Anomaly, 571 Joseph W. Rossano, David L.S. Morales, and
Morgan L. Brown and Joseph A. Dearani Charles D. Fraser Jr
Chapter 30 Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Chapter 43 Pediatric Lung and Heart-Lung
Obstruction, 588 Transplantation, 827
Christo I. Tchervenkov, Pierre-Luc Bernier, Dewei Ren, George B. Mallory Jr, David L.S.
Danny Del Duca, Samantha Hill, Noritaka Ota, Morales, and Jeffrey S. Heinle
and Constantine Mavroudis
Chapter 44 Infective Endocarditis, 845
Chapter 31 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, 619 Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Lara Danziger-
Jennifer C. Hirsch, Eric J. Devaney, Richard G. Isakov, Constantine Mavroudis,
Ohye, and Edward L. Bove and Carl L. Backer
Chapter 32 Aortico-Left Ventricular Tunnel, 636 Chapter 45 Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory
Stephanie Fuller and Thomas L. Spray Support, 856
Brian W. Duncan
Chapter 33 Congenital Anomalies of the Mitral Valve, 640
Richard D. Mainwaring and John J. Lamberti Chapter 46 Adult Congenital Heart Disease, 867
Stamatia Prapa, Konstantinos Dimopoulos,
Chapter 34 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous
Darryl F. Shore, Mario Petrou, and Michael A.
Connection, 659
Gatzoulis
Nicola Viola and Christopher A. Caldarone
Chapter 35 Cor Triatriatum Sinister, Pulmonary Vein
Stenosis, Atresia of the Common Pulmonary
Vein, and Cor Triatriatum Dexter, 674 Index, 910
Ralph E. Delius and Henry L. Walters III
Chapter 36 Anomalous Systemic Venous Connections, 685 Color plate section facing p. 594
Henry L. Walters III and Ralph E. Delius
List of Contributors
Robert H. Anderson BSc, MD, FRCPath Edward L. Bove, MD
Emeritus Professor Helen and Marvin Kirsh Professor of Surgery
University College Chair, Department of Cardiac Surgery
London, UK C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital at the University of Michigan
Visiting Professor Ann Arbor, MI, USA
University of Newcastle
Newcastle, UK John W. Brown, MD
Visiting Professor of Pediatrics Harris B. Shumacker Professor Emeritus of Surgery
Medical University of South Carolina Indiana University School of Medicine
Charleston, SC, USA Indianapolis, IN, USA
Janine Arruda, MD Morgan L. Brown, MD
Staff, Pediatric Cardiology Research Fellow
Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Cardiovascular Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Mayo Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA Rochester, MN, USA
Carl L. Backer, MD Christopher A. Caldarone, MD
Division Head, Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery Professor and Chair, Division of Cardiac Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, formerly University of Toronto
Children’s Memorial Hospital Staff Cardiovascular Surgeon
Professor of Surgery Labatt Family Heart Center
Department of Surgery The Hospital for Sick Children
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Toronto, ON, Canada
Chicago, IL, USA
Paul J. Chai, MD
Nancy Benson, MSN Associate Medical Director
Center for Congenital Heart Surgery All Children’s Hospital Heart Center
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon
Cleveland, OH, USA Johns Hopkins Children’s Heart Surgery, All Children’s Hospital
Saint Petersburg, FL, USA
Darryl H. Berkowitz, MD
Attending Physician John P. Cheatham, MD, FAAP, FACC, FSCAI
Society Hill Anesthesia Consultants George H. Dunlap Endowed Chair in Interventional Cardiology
Pennsylvania Hospital Director, Cardiac Catheterization & Interventional Therapy
Philadelphia, PA, USA Co-Director, The Heart Center
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Pierre-Luc Bernier, MD, FRCSC Professor, Pediatrics & Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division
Attending Surgeon The Ohio State University
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Columbus, OH, USA
The Montreal Children’s Hospital
McGill University
Montreal, QC, Canada
vii
viii List of Contributors
David R. Clarke, MD Ralph E. Delius, MD
Clinical Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery Vice Chief, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
School of Medicine Children’s Hospital of Michigan
University of Colorado Denver Associate Professor of Surgery
Aurora, CO, USA Wayne State University School of Medicine
Detroit, MI, USA
John M. Costello, MD, MPH
Medical Director, Regenstein Cardiac Care Unit Eric J. Devaney, MD
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, formerly Associate Professor of Surgery
Children’s Memorial Hospital University of California, San Diego
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Rady Children’s Hospital at the University of California
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine San Diego, CA, USA
Chicago, IL, USA
Konstantinos Dimopoulos, MD, MSc, PhD, FESC
Lara Danziger-Isakov, MD, MPH Consultant Cardiologist
Staff, Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary
Director for Pediatric Clinical Research Hypertension
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Royal Brompton Hospital
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics National Heart & Lung Institute
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Imperial College London
Reserve University London, UK
Cleveland, OH, USA
Ali Dodge-Khatami, MD, PhD
Jeffrey R. Darst, MD Chief of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Assistant Professor, Pediatrics Program Head for Congenital Heart Disease
Section of Cardiology University Heart Center
Children’s Hospital Colorado Professor of Cardiac Surgery
Aurora, CO, USA University of Hamburg-Eppendorf School of Medicine
Hamburg, Germany
Denise Davis, RN, MSN, CPNP-AC/PC
Center for Congenital Heart Surgery Brian W. Duncan, MD, MBA
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital BioEnterprise
Cleveland, OH, USA Arboretum Ventures
Cleveland, OH, USA
Barbara J. Deal, MD
Division Head, Cardiology Osama Eltayeb, MD
Getz Professor of Cardiology Fellow in Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, formerly Indiana University School of Medicine
Children’s Memorial Hospital Indianapolis, IN, USA
Professor of Pediatrics
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Charles D. Fraser Jr, MD
Chicago, IL, USA Chief of Congenital Heart Surgery and Cardiac Surgeon In-Charge
Texas Children’s Hospital
Joseph A. Dearani, MD Baylor College of Medicine
Professor of Surgery Houston, TX, USA
Cardiovascular Surgery
Mayo Clinic Stephanie Fuller, MD
Rochester, MN, USA Assistant Professor
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Danny Del Duca, MD The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Resident, Cardiac Surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
McGill University Philadelphia, PA, USA
Montreal, QC, Canada
List of Contributors ix
Mark Galantowicz, MD Samantha Hill, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Chief, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Resident, Cardiac Surgery
Murray D. Lincoln Chair of Cardiothoracic Surgery McGill University
Co-Director, The Heart Center Montreal, QC, Canada
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Professor of Surgery Sharon L. Hill, MSN, ACNP-BC
The Ohio State University Interventional Nurse Practitioner
Columbus, OH, USA The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital
College of Nursing
Michael A. Gatzoulis, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC The Ohio State University
Professor of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Disease and Consultant Columbus, OH, USA
Cardiologist
Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Jennifer C. Hirsch, MD, MS
Hypertension Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery and Pediatrics
Royal Brompton Hospital Surgical Director, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
National Heart & Lung Institute Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery
Imperial College London C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital at the University of Michigan School
London, UK of Medicine
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
J. William Gaynor, MD
Associate Professor of Surgery Ralf J. Holzer, MD, MSc, FSCAI
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Assistant Director, Cardiac Catheterization & Interventional
Philadelphia, PA, USA Therapy
The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Peter J. Gruber, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
D. Rees and Eleanor T. Jenson Presidential Chair in Surgery The Ohio State University
Investigator, University of Utah Columbus, OH, USA
Molecular Medicine (U2M2) Program
Eccles Institute of Human Genetics Fejeania Hunter, RN, BSN, CPNP
Chief, Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Center for Congenital Heart Surgery
Primary Children’s Medical Center Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital
Salt Lake City, UT, USA Cleveland, OH, USA
Thomas Günther, MD Jeffrey P. Jacobs, MD, FACS, FACC, FCCP
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Surgical Director of Heart Transplantation and Extracorporeal Life
German Heart Center Support Programs
Technische Universität München All Children’s Hospital Heart Center
Munich, Germany Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon
Johns Hopkins Children’s Heart Surgery, All Children’s Hospital
Frank L. Hanley, MD Clinical Professor
Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery – Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Department of Surgery
Director, Children’s Heart Center University of South Florida (USF)
Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Saint Petersburg, FL, USA
Stanford University Medical Center
Falk CV Research Center Marshall L. Jacobs, MD
Stanford, CA, USA Center for Congenital Heart Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital
Jeffrey S. Heinle, MD Cleveland, OH, USA
Surgical Director, Heart and Lung Transplant Program
Texas Children’s Hospital Richard A. Jonas, MD
Associate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Chief, Cardiac Surgery
Baylor College of Medicine Codirector, Children’s National Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA Cohen Funger Professor of Cardiac Surgery
Children’s National Medical Center
Washington, DC, USA
x List of Contributors
Jason M. Kane, MD, MS Richard D. Mainwaring, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Cardiothoracic Surgery–Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Director, Regenstein Cardiac Care Unit Stanford University School of Medicine
Division of Cardiology Stanford, CA, USA
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, formerly
Children’s Memorial Hospital George B. Mallory Jr, MD
Chicago, IL, USA Pediatric Pulmonologist
Director, Pediatric Lung Transplantation Program
John M. Karamichalis, MD Texas Children’s Hospital
Clinical Instructor in Surgery Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine
University of California, San Francisco Houston, TX, USA
San Francisco, CA, USA
Constantine Mavroudis, MD
Sunjay Kaushal, PhD, MD Director, Congenital Heart Institute, Florida Hospital for Children
Attending Surgeon Site Director, Johns Hopkins Children’s Heart Surgery, Florida
University of Maryland Hospital for Children
Baltimore, MD, USA Orlando, FL, USA
Ergin Kocyildirim, MD Max B. Mitchell, MD
Assistant Professor Professor of Surgery
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery School of Medicine
McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center
University of Pittsburgh Children’s Hospital Colorado Heart Institute
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Aurora, CO, USA
Steven W. Kubalak, PhD David L.S. Morales, MD
Associate Professor Congenital Heart Surgery
Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology Director of Mechanical Circulatory Support
Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center Associate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics
Medical University of South Carolina Texas Children’s Hospital
Charleston, SC, USA Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
John J. Lamberti, MD
Professor of Surgery Victor O. Morell, MD
University of California San Diego Codirector, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Heart and
Eugene and Joyce Klein Director of the Heart Institute Vascular Institute
Children’s Hospital of San Diego Vice Chair and Director of Cardiovascular Services
Rady Children’s Hospital Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
San Diego, CA, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Chief, Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery
Rüdiger Lange, MD, PhD Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Director Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Associate Professor of Surgery
German Heart Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Technische Universität München
Munich, Germany Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, MD
Medical Director and Chief, Children’s Cardiothoracic Surgery
Richard Lorber, MD Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters
Staff, Pediatric Cardiology Norfolk, VA, USA
Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Ashok Muralidaran, MD
Cleveland, OH, USA Clinical Instructor
Cardiothoracic Surgery–Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA
List of Contributors xi
Richard G. Ohye, MD H. Jay Przybylo, MD
Associate Professor, Department of Surgery Attending Anesthesiologist
Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Anesthesia
C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital at the University of Michigan School Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, formerly
of Medicine Children’s Memorial Hospital
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Vincent F. Olshove, BS, CCP, CCT, FPP Chicago, IL, USA
Director, Cardiovascular Perfusion
The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Athar Qureshi, MD
Clinical Instructor, Circulation Technology Assistant Professor
The Ohio State University Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western
Columbus, OH, USA Reserve University
Staff, Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease
Noritaka Ota, MD Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital
Cardiac Surgeon Cleveland, OH, USA
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Children’s Hospital Vadiyala Mohan Reddy, MD
Shizuoka, Japan Associate Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Pediatrics
Chief, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Mario Petrou, PhD, FRCS Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital
Consultant Cardiothoracic Surgeon Stanford University
Departments of Thoracic Surgery and Adult Cardiac Surgery Stanford, CA, USA
Royal Brompton Hospital
London, UK Dewei Ren, MD
Congenital Heart Surgery
Alistair Phillips, MD, FACC, FACS Texas Children’s Hospital
Surgical Director, Pediatric Heart Transplantation and Mechanical Houston, TX, USA
Circulatory Support
Surgical Director, Adult Congenital Heart Disease W. Steves Ring, MD
Associate Professor, Division of Pediatric Surgery Professor, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Cincinnati, OH, USA Children’s Medical Center of Dallas
Dallas, TX, USA
Stamatia Prapa, MD
Clinical Research Fellow Mark D. Rodefeld, MD
Imperial College London Associate Professor of Surgery
Royal Brompton Hospital Indiana University School of Medicine
London, UK Indianapolis, IN, USA
Tamar J. Preminger, MD Joseph W. Rossano, MD
Staff, Pediatric Cardiology Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Texas Children’s Hospital
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Baylor College of Medicine
Cleveland, OH, USA Houston, TX, USA
Lourdes R. Prieto, MD Mark Ruzmetov, MD
Director, Cardiac Catheterization Fellow in Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery
Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Indiana University School of Medicine
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital Indianapolis, IN, USA
Associate Professor
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Marcy L. Schwartz, MD
Reserve University Staff, Pediatric Cardiology
Cleveland, OH, USA Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease
Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital
Cleveland, OH, USA