Pearson Physics 12 New South Wales Student Book

524 Pages·2018·64.832 MB·English

by  Jeff Stanger, Amber Dommel, Norbert Dommel, Mark Hamilton, David Madden, Kristen Hebden

PEARSON
PHYSICS
NEW SOUTH WALES
STUDENT BOOK
NSW
STAGE 6

i
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PEAPRESAORSNO N
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PEARSON EA PPHHYYSSICICSS
PHYSICS R
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NSTUEDWEN TS BOOUOKTH WALES P NEWN ESWOU STOHU TWHA WLEASLES
H
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S
AUTHORS IC
Amber Dommel S
Norbert Dommel 1
MKDJeraaifvsfr tikSde Htn Ma anHmagedeibdlrtdeoennn NEW SOUTH W2 WBWcoreny taorrrniebii teug trSiiannctgeo ftgtuotl t thoae t hnPee adforslo lodnw Pienhgyv spiceeso 1pl2loe NfpoerBw mtr hSeeotiture tSthitnm oWneta elaePNSPAANMKDJ TUermanoUEaEiTfvsrDfsrHbW bAtiktEOSdeHee NRHtn rR rMadTS S t aD nH BSODmaOgoepdOoUeOmibdlYmr tKdTeeNmoemnHnener e lWSloAxLIEajpSCeecSmrtt.ise in PEARSON NEW SOUTH WPHYSICS 12 PPNSTEUEDAWEHNR TS BSOOOOUYKNTH SWALIECS S
ALESST CSDuoobnutjegecn Btt LaDeielavdeloper PNAJiurSmitnWhc oS iDprteauplr Eagrditsumsceantito onf OEffiduccear,t ion ALESSTUDENT BOOK
U Education Consultant
DE Contributing Author and Skills and Science Consultant
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BO Amber Dommel Keith Burrows AaBtrc ocpewesasser sd aoignnidpta lbal ucreeyss ao.ctu oprmecea.asrus o n .com.au SNTASGWE 6
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Author Contributing Author Craig Tilley
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iii
Working scientifically Module 6 Electromagnetism
CHAPTER 1 Working scientifically 2 CHAPTER 5 Charged particles, conductors, and
1.1 Questioning and predicting 4 electric and magnetic fields 145
1.2 Planning investigations 8 What happens to stationary and moving charged particles
when they interact with an electric or magnetic field?
1.3 Conducting investigations 14
1.4 Processing data and information 17 5.1 Particles in electric fields 146
1.5 Analysing data and information 24 5.2 Particles in magnetic fields 157
1.6 Problem solving 32 Chapter 5 Review 164
1.7 Communicating 36 CHAPTER 6 The motor effect 167
Chapter 1 Review 43 Under what circumstances is a force produced on a
current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field?
Module 5 Advanced
6.1 Force on a conductor 168
mechanics 6.2 Forces between conductors 176
Chapter 6 Review 181
CHAPTER 2 Projectile motion 49
CHAPTER 7 Electromagnetic induction 183
How can models that are used to explain projectile
How are electric and magnetic fields related?
motion be used to analyse and make predictions?
7.1 Magnetic flux 184
2.1 Projectiles launched horizontally 50
7.2 Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws 189
2.2 Projectiles launched obliquely 57
7.3 Transformers 201
Chapter 2 Review 63
Chapter 7 Review 209
CHAPTER 3 Circular motion 67
CHAPTER 8 Applications of the motor effect 213
Why do objects move in circles?
How has the knowledge about the motor effect been
3.1 Circular motion 68
applied to technological advances?
3.2 Circular motion on banked tracks 78
8.1 Motors 214
3.3 Work and energy 86
8.2 Generators 222
3.4 Torque 94
Chapter 8 Review 229
Chapter 3 Review 103
Module 6 Review 231
CHAPTER 4 Motion in gravitational fields 105
How does the force of gravity determine the motion of
planets and satellites? Module 7 The nature of light
4.1 Gravity 106
4.2 Satellite motion 115 CHAPTER 9 Electromagnetic spectrum 239
4.3 Gravitational potential energy 126 What is light?
Chapter 4 Review 135 9.1 Electromagnetism 240
9.2 Spectroscopy 249
Module 5 Review 137
Chapter 9 Review 261
iv
CHAPTER 10 Light: wave model 263 CHAPTER 14 Structure of the atom 375
What evidence supports the classical wave model of light How is it known that atoms are made up of protons,
and what predictions can be made using this model? neutrons and electrons?
10.1 Diffraction and interference 264 14.1 The electron 376
10.2 Polarisation 274 14.2 Nuclear model of the atom 383
Chapter 10 Review 278 Chapter 14 Review 388
CHAPTER 11 Light: quantum model 281 CHAPTER 15 Quantum mechanical nature
What evidence supports the particle model of light of the atom 391
and what are the implications of this evidence for the How is it known that classical physics cannot explain the
development of the quantum model of light? properties of the atom?
11.1 Black-body radiation 282 15.1 Bohr model 392
11.2 The photoelectric effect 290 15.2 Quantum model of the atom 404
Chapter 11 Review 297 Chapter 15 Review 414
CHAPTER 12 Light and special relativity 299 CHAPTER 16 Properties of the nucleus 415
How does the behaviour of light affect concepts of time, How can the energy of the atomic nucleus be harnessed?
space and matter?
16.1 Radioactive decay 416
12.1 Einstein’s postulates 300 16.2 Half-life 428
12.2 Evidence for special relativity 309 16.3 Nuclear fission and fusion 434
12.3 Momentum and energy 322 16.4 Energy from nuclear reactions 440
Chapter 12 Review 331 Chapter 16 Review 445
Module 7 Review 334 CHAPTER 17 Deep inside the atom 447
How is it known that human understanding of matter is
still incomplete?
Module 8 From the universe
17.1 The Standard Model 448
to the atom
17.2 Evidence for the Standard Model 458
Chapter 17 Review 472
CHAPTER 13 Origins of the elements 341
What evidence is there for the origins of the elements? Module 8 Review 473
13.1 The big bang 342
ANSWERS 479
13.2 The life cycle of a star 355
13.3 The life and death of stars 362 GLOSSARY 498
Chapter 13 Review 373
INDEX 505
v
How to use this book
Pearson Physics 12
CHAPTER
Circular motion
New South Wales
Pearson Physics 12 New South Wales Aton e uxnpdloerres ttahned oinugte or fr efoarccheess a onfd t hfiee lsdosl ahra ssy asltleomwe. dS ahtuelmlitaens si nt oo rlabnitd a oronu tnhde tMheo oEna ratnhd
have changed the way people live.
has been written to be fully aligned Tphuebslies haeddv ainn ctehse h1a7vteh bceeenntu aryc.h Nieevwedto uns sinugg gNeeswtetdo nth’sa lta iwt ss hoof umldo btioe np, owshsiibchle wtoe re
put satellites in orbit around the Earth almost 300 years before it was technically
possible to do so. In this chapter Newton’s laws will be used to analyse circular
with the new Stage 6 syllabus for motion.
Content
New South Wales Physics. The book WINhQyU dIRoY o QbUjeEScTtsIO mNove in circles?
By the end of the chapter you will be able to: Section
covers Modules 5 to 8 in an easy-to- • conduct investigations to explain and evaluate, for objects executing uniform
circular motion, the relationships that exist between:
- centripetal force
use resource. Explore how to use this -- mspaesesd Each chapter is clearly divided
- radius
• analyse the forces acting on an object executing uniform circular motion in a
book below. v- acriaertsy mofo sviitnuga taioronus;n fdo rh oexriazmonptlael: circular bends into manageable sections of
- a mass on a string
- objects on banked tracks (ACSPH100) CCT ICT
• solve problems, model and make quantitative predictions about objects executing work. Best-practice literacy and
uniform circular motion in a variety of situations, using the following relationships:
Chapter opener -- avc==v2r2Tπr instructional design are combined
The chapter opening page links - Fc=mrv2 ICT N with high-quality, relevant photos
- ω=∆tθ
the syllabus to the chapter • ienxveecsuttiginagte u tnhiefo rremla ctiiorcnushlairp mbeottwioenen the total energy and work done on an object and illustrations to help students
• investigate the relationship between the rotation of mechanical systems and the
content. Key content addressed applied torque (τ=r⊥F=rFsinθ). IfCoPrT hayn sdicN os nS btaeghea l6f oSfy tllhaeb uCsr o©w nN SinW r iEgdhut coaf ttihoen SSttaatned oafr dNsS AWu, t2h0or1it7y. better understand the idea or
in the chapter is clearly listed. concept being developed.
M03_PPN_SB12_19304_FINAL.indd 67 18/06/18 11:53 AM
PhysicsFile
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of electromagnetic induction were PhysicsFile
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7 Calculate the velocity of the stuffed toy using the time for one revolution,
and the circumference of the circle.
8 Using the centripetal force equation, and the force of gravity on the water
bottle, calculate the velocity of the stuffed toy.
RECORD THIS…
Describe the direction of the net force in each part.
Present a free-body diagram of the forces.
REFLECT ON THIS…
What forces create circular motion?
Where have you seen circular motion before, and what forces were in action
that added to create a net centripetal force?
Cinivrocluvlea rc hmilodtrieonn miso cvoinmgm ino an ctihrcrouulagrh poautth tohne au fnaiivre rrisdee. (OFnig au rsem 3a.1ll. 1sc)a oler ,p tahsisse cnoguelrds (FaIG) eUleRcEt r6ic.1 b.4ic yEclelecst raicn dm (obt)o prso wareer ftoouonlsd. in many diverse applications, such as mFIGotUoRr.E 6.1.5 Michael Faraday’s electric
in a car as it travels around a roundabout. In athletics, hammer throwers swing the
hammer in a circular path before releasing it at high speed. On a much larger scale,
the planets orbit the Sun in roughly circular paths; and on an even grander scale, 174 MODULE 6 | ELECTROMAGNETISM
68 MODULE 5 | ADVANCED MECHANICS
M06_PPN_SB12_19304_FINAL.indd 174 6/18/18 3:32 PM
M03_PPN_SB12_19304_FINAL.indd 68 18/06/18 11:53 AM
Revision box Physics Inquiry Physics in Action
Revision boxes Physics Inquiry features are inquiry- Physics in Action boxes place
are used to based activities that assist students physics in an applied situation or a
remind students to discover concepts before learning relevant context. They refer to the
of vital concepts about them. They encourage students nature and practice of physics, its
previously to think about what happens in the applications and associated issues,
covered that world and how science can provide and the historical development of its
are required for explanations. concepts and ideas.
current learning.
vi
SkillBuilder
In circular motion, this equation is represented as follows.
Ain sStkruillcBtiuvield aenr do usetllifn-ceos nat amineetdh.o Tdh oery tsetcehpn siqtuudee. nTthse tyh aroreu gh the CTvoitsoSefh t liKeceoom oncIuLpnn i tsuLovyusveBr aeitrsaUldte nmu bIiLtnrne sDti ttot−ew E1 viiue,nRe nebn rpnuydgh d te t yahrkN ssymeuit cmal ishnnf. e− df1.oi Srhtis oo s wit Twvhh=ee 2raπTevrTvr e iiirsssa ttgthhheeee s rsppapeedereiieudods do o(fom faf t snmh− eo1o) btcijioernccl te( sm )(mov)ing in a circular path is:
skill to support science application. You should be familiar with
s1p0e0e kdm li hm−i1t bfoerc amuosset iftr iese twhaey s Worked example 3.1.1
and country roads in Australia. CALCULATING SPEED
(tS1r6 iakn0vmc e×e l al 6itnnh0gde m r13ei06 na00)r, 0e 0t 0hs1 i00isn m0i s10 i tnhmh oe3eu 6tsrra0 e m0s sein. a s A2Ex0 wp rirneevdsos tl uuytoribuoinrn sea nphseawrs e mbr liianndu ketems. 5 Ah5−t 1.0w. hma ti ns pleenegdt hd oth tahte r otitpast eo fa tt hae fbrelaqdueesn ctrya voef l?
WWwooorrkkriekndge .e dTx haemisx pfaolemrms paartle eg srsee ta tolyu te innh satnecpess t shtautd sehnotw u nthdienrksitnagn danindg csbb1uoeyTTnm0 t1w3hhv006meeee0 0k rre00admet nerf(ia oi odhskgrr e−met r1sdoa k==== himtvmm h −i12111 de÷0 3b s 700hi 0a6 −nec3.−00001n81olg.00 o60d b×mn 0cwb0 yvamm1 y 0s enm0 −r 3mss 1s0b−−u.i6110 oehl.t) n m−i.p1 l hy−in1g CtuA2eTCSfooahn0ulaort ciileebn  tcnrshxrsvseupkn p.etvrliieararetnoeetuttvlg iedsutvmoes etlta i u hlsofrynrt −en,iae1d o srnq p nei snduiec nott eroaTol inv6ogk eckidn0en ymi,s fst s o oTi e 3nhrm . t −stvRhte1h..he eaabem ntfy osc e romtmrhrbauetecl art W2 1 Tv 01 o====== 5r r 12f032k.1e2Tπ.×3i.v110rn π3o×353 g×s.l 0 .u5325t. mi.60o n =ss −4 1p1e5r kmmi nhu−1te = 2600 = 0.333 Hz
multiplying by 3.6.
by clearly linking underlying logic to the relevant calculations. km h–1 m s–1 Worked example: Try yourself 3.1.1
× 3.6 CALCULATING SPEED
Each Worked example is followed by a Try yourself activity. A1Ex0 wp rareetvesors l wuytohiuoenre sla hnpasewsr ebmrl aiindnue ktsem 2. Ah.0−t 1mw. hina tl esnpgetehd tdhoa tt hroet atitpes a ot fa t hfree qbulaednecsy toraf vel?
This mirror problem allows students to immediately test their ANGULAR VELOCITY
When objects travel in circular paths it can be convenient to measure the angle of
rotation in a given time. The angular velocity, ω (Greek symbol omega), of an
understanding. object travelling through an angle θ in a period of time, t, can be calculated using
the following equation.
ωwh =e r∆etθ
ω is the angular velocity (° s−1 or rad s−1)
∆θ is the angle travelled (° or rad)
t is the time (s)
70 MODULE 5 | ADVANCED MECHANICS
M03_PPN_SB12_19304_FINAL.indd 70 18/06/18 11:53 AM
Highlight box
Highlight boxes focus students’
attention on important information
such as key definitions, formulae and
Additional content summary points.
Additional content includes material
that goes beyond the core content of the
syllabus. They are intended for students
who wish to expand their depth of
understanding in a particular area.
Section summary
+ ADDITIONAL 4.1 Review
Analysing the effects of drag SUMMARY Each section has a
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will generate two different bearings, which allows the use of c Compare your answers to parts (a) and (b) above
torri awnhgeurlaet tiohne teon edmetye rlmauinnec haecdc uornaete. ly where a projectile landed— PlhFoIehcGayaUdstioRpcrhEs. o T12nh9.2ee1s. 45l aw ra(oganre)dn W h dboielylriv naaesm lc oar pLmeeawprw lmoirfiefee nsmdco eubd neiBsdrtr.a-arngatgn s,g owinuignn ndmes,er tmohfoo tdnhsiet.o N(rbeo)d bA etnhl rPaocruiozgueh s ftoicr bofy tehxep Sreusns–inEga rtthhe f oMracers.–Earth force as a percentage understanding of and
ability to recall the key
CHAPTER 2 | PROJECTILE MOTION 61 114 MODULE 5 | ADVANCED MECHANICS
concepts of the section.
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How to use this book
Module review
Chapter review Each module finishes with a set of questions,
including multiple choice and short answer.
Each chapter finishes with a list of key terms
These assist students in drawing together
covered in the chapter and a set of questions
their knowledge and understanding, and
to test students’ ability to apply the knowledge
applying it to these types of questions.
gained from the chapter.
MODULE 6 • REVIEW
Chapter review REVIEW QUESTIONS
KEY TERMS Electromagnetism W6.7S W6.8S M6R
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REVIEW QUESTIONS C sTtheea dcyu rmreangtn tehtriocu figehld t hine tphreim saecryo nwdinadryin wgisn pdrinogdsu.ces a Aan sdim apn lea rgeean oefr a1t0o0r ccmon2s iinst sa oufn aif ocromil wmitahg nNe =ti c1 fi0e0l dtu rns
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the acceleration of the Earth due to the gravitational C the same as usual 6 Study the diagram of a simple cathode ray tube.
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CHAPTER 4 | MOTION IN GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS 135 REVIEW QUESTIONS 231
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viii