Table Of ContentP
EACEMAKING
R
IN WANDA
A project of the International Peace Academy
P
EACEMAKING
R
IN WANDA
THE DYNAMICS OF FAILURE
Bruce D. Jones
boulder
london
Published in the United States of America in 2001 by
Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
1800 30th Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301
www.rienner.com
and in the United Kingdom by
Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU
© 2001 by the International Peace Academy, Inc. All rights reserved by the publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jones, Bruce D.
Peacemaking in Rwanda : the dynamics of failure / Bruce D. Jones.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-55587-994-2 (alk. paper)
1. Genocide—Rwanda—Prevention. 2. Conflict management—Rwanda.
3. United Nations—Peacekeeping forces—Rwanda. 4. Rwanda—Ethnic
relations. I. Title.
DT450.435.J66 2001
341.5'84—dc21 2001019383
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book
is available from the British Library.
Printed and bound in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the requirements
∞ of the American National Standard for Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984.
5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
1 Introduction: The Rwandan Civil War in Context 1
2 War and Genocide: History of the Rwandan Conflict 15
3 Early Peacemaking Efforts: Regional Prenegotiation 53
4 The Arusha Negotiations: Mediation and Facilitation 69
5 UN Peacekeeping and the Collapse of Arusha:
Implementation Efforts 103
6 Genocide, Crisis, and the Renewal of War:
The Consequences of Failure 135
7 The Dynamics of Peacemaking in Rwanda:
Conclusions and Implications 157
List of Acronyms 179
Bibliography 181
Index 199
About the Book 209
v
Acknowledgments
This study could not have been written without the help and support
of a tremendous number of people, to whom I would like to express
my gratitude.
At the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE),
Mark Hoffman was unstinting with his time, insight, and friendship;
the book could not have been completed without his support. Other
LSE colleagues and friends, including Michael Banks, Emery Brusset,
Christopher Coker, Dominique Jacquin-Berdal, Bice Maiguascha,
Desiree McGraw, and Zoe Stephenson, deserve thanks for help along
the way. Particular thanks to James Mayall and Susan Woodward,
who read and commented on the final text and whose writings taught
me much about international politics. Also in London, Andy Carl and
David Lord of Conciliation Resources gave me that most valuable
commodity—space—and let me be a fly on the wall as they practiced
what others preach. A special thanks is due to Beverly Neufeld, who
suffered through my first drafts, tolerated my too frequent presence
on her spare sofa, and was the best possible friend throughout. My
debt to Alexander Costy is almost as great as our friendship.
Many other colleagues made invaluable contributions to the project.
I was fortunate to work closely with Astri Suhrke and Howard Adel man,
whose boundless curiosity and passion continue to be a source of inspi-
ration. Astri also arranged for a visit to the Chr. Michel sen Institute
(CMI), where the penultimate draft of the book was written, and has
been a valued colleague and coauthor over the past half-decade. Thanks
also to Gunnar Sorbø and Arve Ofstad of CMI for making my visit pos-
sible and productive. Stephen John Stedman shared with me his encyclo-
pedic knowledge of international peacemaking efforts, made possible
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
my fellowship at Stanford University’s Center for International Se-
curity and Cooperation, and has been an important intellectual col-
laborator and friend ever since. At Stanford, I also profited from the
support of David Holloway, Scott Sagan, and particularly Lynn Eden,
the friendship of Page Fortna and Ade Adebajo, and the opportunity
to collaborate with Charles Tilly. In Toronto, Janice Stein piqued my
interest in the humanitarian dimensions of the international response
to crises and became a frequent source of advice and support, in-
cluding putting me in contact with CARE Canada. At CARE, I am
grateful to Michael Bryans, John Watson, and Nancy Gordon for
their support in past and present collaborations. At the United Na-
tions in New York, Martin Griffiths, Ed Tsui, and especially Martin
Barber created a working environment that allowed me to complete
this project while on staff at the Office for the Coordination of Hu-
manitarian Affairs, and were the very best of colleagues. I also owe a
continuing debt of gratitude to Shepard Forman of New York Uni-
versity’s Center on International Cooperation, for his friendship and
guidance.
Other people who gave of their time, expertise, and contacts,
commented on drafts, or in many other ways facilitated elements of
this project include: Taisier Ali, Kathi Austin, Omar Bakhet, Jean-
Cristophe Beliard, Mark Bradbury, John Borton, Michael Brown,
Kathleen Campbell, Rebecca Dale, Danielle de Lame, Antonio
Donini, Michael Doyle, Mark Duffield, Carol Fuller, Lindsey Hilsum,
Randolph Kent, Sue Lautze, Anne Mackintosh, Joanna Macrae,
Robert Matthews, Catherine Newbury, Norah Niland, Eugenia Pisa-
Lopez, Johann Poittier, Jude Rand, Nicola Reindorp, Barnett Rubin,
Wilson Rutayisire, Jack Snyder, Nick Stockton, Rowland Roome,
Necla Tschirgi, Barbara Walter, and I. William Zartman. Many thanks
to all of them. Thanks also to two anonymous reviewers of the manu-
script, whose comments helped shape the final draft.
Karin Wermester proofread the penultimate draft and undertook
the Herculean task of sorting out my footnotes and bibliography, for
which I am endlessly grateful.
This book would not have been possible without the financial sup-
port of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of
Canada, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the London
School of Economics, the Academic Council of the United Nations
System, and the Carnegie Commission for Preventing Deadly Conflict.
