Table Of ContentPauline Language and the Pastoral Epistles
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Linguistic Biblical Studies
Series Editors
Stanley E. Porter
Jesús Peláez
Jonathan M. Watt
VOLUME 16
This series, Linguistic Biblical Studies, is dedicated to the development and promotion
of linguistically informed study of the Bible in its original languages. Biblical studies
has greatly benefited from modern theoretical and applied linguistics, but stands
poised to benefit from further integration of the two fields of study. Most linguistics
has studied contemporary languages, and attempts to apply linguistic methods to
study of ancient languages requires systematic re-assessment of their approaches. This
series is designed to address such challenges, by providing a venue for linguistically
based analysis of the languages of the Bible. As a result, monograph-length studies and
collections of essays in the major areas of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics,
pragmatics, discourse analysis and text linguistics, corpus linguistics, cognitive
linguistics, comparative linguistics, and the like, will be encouraged, and any
theoretical linguistic approach will be considered, both formal and functional. Primary
consideration is given to the Greek of the New and Old Testaments and of other
relevant ancient authors, but studies in Hebrew, Coptic, and other related languages
will be entertained as appropriate.
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/lbs
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Pauline Language and the
Pastoral Epistles
A Study of Linguistic Variation in the
Corpus Paulinum
By
Jermo van Nes
LEIDEN | BOSTON
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Van Nes, Jermo, author.
Title: Pauline language and the Pastoral Epistles : a study of linguistic
variation in the Corpus Paulinum / by Jermo van Nes.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2018. | Series: Linguistic biblical
studies, ISSN 1877-7554 ; VOLUME 16 | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017050105 (print) | LCCN 2017050560 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004358423 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004358416 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Bible. Epistles of Paul—Language, style.
Classification: LCC BS2655.L3 (ebook) | LCC BS2655.L3 V36 2017 (print) | DDC
227/.066—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017050105
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn 1877-7554
isbn 978-90-04-35841-6 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-35842-3 (e-book)
Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi,
Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
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that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.
This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
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To my dear parents
⸪
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Contents
Acknowledgements xi
List of Tables xiv
List of Figures xvi
List of Abbreviations xvii
Introduction 1
Part 1
The Linguistic Problem of the Pastoral Epistles
1 Origins of the Problem: Founding Figures 7
1.0 Introduction 7
1.1 E. Evanson 8
1.2 F. D. E. Schleiermacher 10
1.3 J. G. Eichhorn 15
1.4 H. J. Holtzmann 18
1.5 P. N. Harrison 26
1.6 Conclusion 35
2 Constituents of the Problem: Linguistic Peculiarities 37
2.0 Introduction 37
2.1 Peculiarities of Vocabulary 38
2.1.1 Hapax Legomena 39
2.1.2 Lexical Richness 45
2.1.3 Missing Indeclinables 47
2.1.4 Compound Words 52
2.1.5 Semantic Deviations 54
2.1.5.1 Grecisms 54
2.1.5.2 Un-Paulinisms 58
2.1.6 Summary 62
2.2 Peculiarities of Syntax 62
2.2.1 Interclausal Relations 63
2.2.2 Structural Irregularities 64
2.2.3 Miscellaneous Constructions 65
2.2.3.1 Ὡς 66
2.2.3.2 Articles 66
2.2.3.3 Prepositions 66
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viii Contents
2.2.4 Stylometric Data 67
2.2.4.1 Univariate Statistics 67
2.2.4.2 Multivariate Statistics 69
2.2.5 Summary 74
2.3 Conclusion 75
3 Solutions to the Problem: Authorship Hypotheses 76
3.0 Introduction 76
3.1 Orthonymity Hypotheses 77
3.1.1 Paul 78
3.1.1.1 Statistical Fallacies 79
3.1.1.2 Derivative Words 82
3.1.1.3 Preformed Traditions 83
3.1.1.4 Age 85
3.1.1.5 Addressees 86
3.1.1.6 Subject Matter 88
3.1.1.7 Textuality (versus Orality) 91
3.1.1.8 Stylistic Adaptation 91
3.1.1.9 Register 93
3.1.2 Secretary 94
3.1.2.1 Luke 95
3.1.2.2 Tychicus 96
3.1.3 Summary 97
3.2 Pseudonymity Hypotheses 97
3.2.1 One Author 98
3.2.1.1 Luke 101
3.2.1.2 Timothy 101
3.2.1.3 Polycarp 102
3.2.2 Two Authors 102
3.2.3 Three Authors 103
3.2.4 Summary 104
3.3 Partial Orthonymity Hypotheses 105
3.3.1 Genuine Fragments 105
3.3.2 Second Timothy: A Genuine Letter 107
3.3.3 Second Timothy and Titus: Genuine Letters 108
3.3.4 Summary 109
3.4 Conclusion 110
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Contents ix
Part 2
The Linguistic Problem of the Pastoral Epistles Reconsidered
4 Approaching the Problem: Methodological Considerations 113
4.0 Introduction 113
4.1 Linguistic Criticism 115
4.2 Towards a Linguistic Analysis of the Corpus Paulinum 116
4.2.1 Authorship Model 117
4.2.1.1 Consistency Model 117
4.2.1.2 Resemblance Model 118
4.2.1.3 Population Model 119
4.2.2 Analytical Method 120
4.2.2.1 Quantitative Analysis 120
4.2.2.2 Qualitative Analysis 128
4.2.3 Possible Objections 130
4.2.3.1 Post-Pauline Interpolations? 130
4.2.3.2 Co-authors and/or Secretaries? 134
4.2.4 Summary 138
4.3 Conclusion 138
5 Pauline Vocabulary: New Perspectives 140
5.0 Introduction 140
5.1 Hapax Legomena 140
5.1.1 Quantitative Analysis 143
5.1.2 Qualitative Analysis 145
5.1.2.1 Quotations 145
5.1.2.2 Proper Nouns 149
5.1.2.3 Productivity 149
5.1.2.4 Age 153
5.1.3 Summary 154
5.2 Lexical Richness 155
5.2.1 Quantitative Analysis 156
5.2.2 Qualitative Analysis 158
5.2.2.1 Emotion 158
5.2.2.2 Age 162
5.2.2.3 Topic 163
5.2.2.4 Textuality (versus Orality) 165
5.2.3 Summary 168
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x Contents
5.3 Missing Indeclinables 168
5.3.1 Quantitative Analysis 170
5.3.2 Qualitative Analysis 176
5.3.2.1 Subjectivity 176
5.3.2.2 Emotion 179
5.3.2.3 Textuality (versus Orality) 183
5.3.3 Summary 187
5.4 Conclusion 188
6 Pauline Syntax: New Perspectives 189
6.0 Introduction 189
6.1 Interclausal Relations 189
6.1.1 Quantitative Analysis 189
6.1.1.1 Parataxis 191
6.1.1.2 Hypotaxis 194
6.1.2 Qualitative Analysis 196
6.1.2.1 Age 196
6.1.2.2 Textuality (versus Orality) 198
6.1.3 Summary 203
6.2 Structural Irregularities 203
6.2.1 Quantitative Analysis 203
6.2.1.1 Parentheses 205
6.2.1.2 Anacolutha 206
6.2.1.3 Ellipses 208
6.2.2 Qualitative Analysis 210
6.2.2.1 Emotion 210
6.2.2.2 Textuality (versus Orality) 215
6.2.3 Summary 219
6.3 Conclusion 219
Conclusion 221
Appendix 1 Hapax Legomena in the Corpus Paulinum 225
Appendix 2 Lexical Richness in the Corpus Paulinum 277
Appendix 3 Missing Indeclinables in the Corpus Paulinum 281
Appendix 4 Interclausal Relations in the Corpus Paulinum 290
Appendix 5 Structural Irregularities in the Corpus Paulinum 473
Bibliography 480
Index of Ancient Sources 519
Index of Modern Authors 530
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