Paul Feyerabend, Against Method - Monoskop

290 Pages·2011·3.91 MB·English

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Contents
Preface vii
Prefatcote h Teh irEdd ition IX
Introducttiootn h Ceh ineEsdei tion 1
AnalyticIanld ex 5
Introduction 9
Parts1-20 14
PostscorniR petl ativism 268
Index 273

Preface
In1 790I mrLea katoonseo, f t hbee sftr ieIne dvse hra dc,o rneremde
atap art'yP.a uhle,s 'a i'dy,o hua vseu csht ranigdee aWsh.yd ony'otu
writthee dmo wnI?s hawlrli atr ee plwyep, u blitshhwe h olteh ianngd
Ip romiysoeu- wes hahlalv leo tosff unI.l 'i ktehdse u ggesatinodn
startweodr kiTnhge.m anuscroifmp ytp arto ft hbeoo kw asfi nished
in1 97a2n dI s enittt oL ondoTnh.e rietd isappeuanrdeedrr a ther
mystericoiursc umstalnmcreesL .a katowsh,o loveddr amatic
gesturneosti,fi eIdn terpaonld i,n deeIdn,t erpfoolu nmdy manu­
scriapntdr eturniettd o m e.Ir ereiaatdn dm ades omefi naclh anges.
InF ebrua19ry 74on,l ayf eww eekasf tIeh ra dfi nishmeydr evisIi on,
wasi nformoefId m red'esa tIhp .u blismhyep da rto fo urc ommon
enterprwiisteh ohuitsr esponAs yee.a lra tIep ru blisah seedc ond
volumSec,i einnacF er eSeo ciceotynt,a iandidnigti omnaatle rainadl
repltioec sr iticism.
Thihsi steoxryp latihnefs o romf t heb ookI.ti sn ota systematic
treatisieti; sa l ettteoar f rieanndda ddreshsieissd iosyncFroars ies.
examplIem,r eL akatwoassa r ationalhiesnctre,a tionalpilsamya s
larrgoel ient hbeo okH.e a lsaod mirPeodp pearn dt herefPoorpep er
occumrusc hm oref requetnhtalhnyi 'so bjecitimvpeo rtawnocuel'd
warraInmtr.eL akatsoosm,e whjaotk incgallyl,me ed a na narchist
andI h adn oo bjectitoopn u ttinognt hea narchimsats'kFs.i nally,
lmrLea katloosv etdoe mbarrsaesrsi ooupsp onewnittsjh o keasn d
ironayn ds oI ,t oooc,c asionwarloltyie n raa thierro nivceailAn n.
exampilste h een do fC hapt1e:r' anythgionegsi s'n ota' princIi ple'
hol-d Id on ott hintkh a'tp rincicpalnbe esu 's ead ndf ruitfully
discusosuetds itdhece oncrreetsee asricthu attihoenay r es upposed
toa ffe-cbtu tt het erriefixecdl amaotifoa nr ationawlhiost ta keas
closelro oka th istoRrye.a dintgh em anyt horougshe,r ious,
longwindaendd t horougmhilsyg uidcerdi ticiIs rmesc eivaefdt er
publicaotifto hnfie r sEtn gliesdhi tiIoo nf terne calmlyee dx changes
witIhm reh;o ww ew oulbdo thha vlea ughheaddw eb eeanb lteor ead
theseef fusitoongse ther.
Then ewe ditimoenr gepsa rotsf AngsatiMewtihteoxhdc erpftrso m
Scenicei naF reSeo ciIhe atyv.oem ittmeadt ernioal lo ngoefri nterest,
vm PREFAEC
addeadc haptoentr h triea lo fG alilaenoda c haptoentr h ne otioonf
realtihtayt steoeb mers e quibryet dh fea ctth aktn owleidsgp ea rotfa
complehxi storpircoacle sesl,i minamtiesdt aksehso,r tentehde
argumewnhte revpeors siabnldef reeidtf roms omeo fi tesa rlier
idiosyncArgaasiiInwe asn.tt o m aket wop oinfitrss:tt h,as tc ienccaen
stanodni tosw nf eeatn dd oenso tn eeadn yh elfpr orma tionalists,
seculhaurm anisMtasr,x isatnsds imirlearl igimoouvse menatnsd;,
secondtlhyan,to n-sciecnutilfitcu rperso,c eduarnedas s sumptions
cana lssot anodnt heoiwrn f eeatn ds houbleda llowteodd o s oi,tf h is
ist hwei sohf t herierp resentSactiiveensmc.ue s bte p rotecftreodm
ideologainedss oc;i etieess,p ecidaelmloyc rastiocc ietimeuss,tb e
protecftreodsm c ienTchei.ds o enso tm eant hastc ientists cannot
profiftr oamp hilosopehdiuccaaltia onndt hahtu manihtaysn ota nd
nevewri lplr offirto tmh es ciencHeosw.e vetrh,ep r ofisthso unlodt
bei mposed; shtohuelbyde e xaminaendd f reely acbcyet phtee d
partieosf t hee xchangIena. democrasccyi entiifincs titutions,
reseaprrcohamg mr esa,n ds uggestimounsstt h erefboesr ueb jected
top ublciocn trotlh,e rmeu sbte a s eparaotifos nt aatneds cienjcues t
ast heriesa s eparation bsettawateneed rn e ligious inasntidt utions,
scienscheo ubledt augahsto nev ieawm onmga nya ndn ota st hoen e
ando nlryo atdo t rutanhd r ealTihteyr.ie sn othiinntg h en atuorfe
scientcheae tx clusduecsih n stitutiaornraaln gemoerns thso wtsh at
theayr lei abllee attdood isaster.
Noneo ft hei deatsh autn derlmiye a rgumeinstn ew.M y
interpreotfsa ctiioenn ktinfiocw ledfgoeer,x ampwlaes,atri vialfiotry
physicliiskMteas c hB,o ltzmanEni,n staenidBn o hrB.u tt hied eoafs
thesgree tahti nkweerrsde i stobretyeodn rde cognibtiyto hnre o dents
ofn eopositiavnidts hmce o mpetirnogd enotfts h ceh urocfh' critical'
rationalLiaskma.t woass a,ft eKru hno,n eo ft hef ewt hinkwehros
noticetdh ed iscrepaanndctri ye d toe liminiatbt yem eanos fa
complaenxdv eriyn teretshtienogor fry a tionaIld iotny't.thin kh eh as
succeeidnet dh iBsu.tt haet temwpatsw ortthh eeff oritth; a sl etd o
interersetinsgui lntt sh eh istoofrsy c ienacned nteow i nsigihnttso
thel imiotfrs e asoInt .h erefdoerdei caaltseo this aslerceoanddy,
muchm orel onevleyr sioofon u rc ommowno rtko h imse mory.
Earlimeart erriealla titnogt hep robleimnst hibso oki sn ow
collecitnme yd P hioplhoiscaPlap e1rsF .a rewteoRl elas 2oc nontains
histormiactaelr eisaple,c ifarloltmyh eea rhliys toofrr ya tionaliins m
thWee sta nda pplicattioto hnpesr obleomfts o day.
BerkelSeeyp,t emb1e89r7
1.2v olsC,a mbrid1g89e1,.
2.L ondo1n89,7 .
Prefatcote h eT hirEdd ition
Manyt hinhgasv hea ppenseidn cIefi rsptu blisAhgaedi nMsett hod
(
AM fors hortT)h.e reh aveb eend ramatipco liticsaocli,aa ln d
ecologcihcaanlg eFsr.e edohma si ncrea-sbeudt i th asb rought
hungeirn,s ecunraittiyo,n atleinsstiicow nasr,asn ds traightforward
murdeWro.r llde adehrasvm ee tt od eawli tthh dee terioroafoti uorn
resouracsei sst; h eihra bitth,e hya vmea des peechaensds igned
agreemeTnhtesa .g reemeanrtfesa frr osma tisfactoorfty h;e ms ome
araes hamH.o weveartl, e avsetr batlhleeyn ,v ironhmaesbn etc omae
world-wciodnec ernP.h ysicidaenvse,l opmeangteanlt psr,i ests
working twhiept oho arn dd isadvanthaagvreeed a litzheadtt h ese
peopklneo wm orea bout ctohnediirti tohnaa nb elfiniet huen iversal
excelloefns ccei enocroe r ganirzeeldi ghiaodan s sumeadn dt hey
havceh angtehde aicrti onasn dt heiidre aasc cordi(nlgilbye ration
theolopgryi;m aernyv ironmceanrteeat,lc M.a)n.y i ntellehcatvuea ls
adaptwehda tth ehya vlee arneadtu niversaintidse pse csicahlo otlos
make tkhneoiwrl emdogree efficainedmn otr eh umane.
On am orea cademliecv heils tor(ioasfnc si enocfce u,l tuhraev)e
staratpepdr oacthhipena gs itni tosw nt ermAsl.r eaidn1y 393i,nh is
inaugulreaclt uartte h eC olledgeeF rancLeu,c ieFne bvrhea d
ridiculed wwhroi',t seirtstia nttg h ediers kbse,h inmdo untaionfs
papehra,v icnlgo saendd c overtehde wiir ndowmsa'd,e p rofound
judgemeanbtosut th lei offel andholpdeearssa,an ntdfs a rmhanIdns .
an arrofiwe lhdi storoifas ncsi entcrei teodr econstrtuhcedt i stant
andt hme orei mmedipaatsewt i thoduits torititbn ymg o demb eliefs
about t(rfuatcahtn )dr ationaPlhiitlyo.s opthheercnso ncluded that
thev ariofuosr mosfr ationaltihsahmta do fferetdh esierrv ices had
noto nlpyr oduced chibmuatw eorualhsda vdea magetdh se ciences
hadt hebye eand optaesgd u ideHse.r eK uhn'msa sterppileacyeae d
deicseir vol1eI .tl etdo n ewi deaUsn.f ortuniatat lesleoyn couraged
losto ft rasKhu.h n'msa int erm(s' parad'irgemv'o,l u'tinoonr'm,a l
I.T hSet ruocSftcuireeRn evtoifilcu tCihoincsa1,g69 o2,.
X PREFAEC TOT HE THIREDD ITION
scien'cper'e,s cie'nacneo'm,a' lpyu'z,z le-soeltvcti.un)rng e'ud,p i n
variofuosr mosfp seudoscwiheinlcheeig se neraaplp roaccohn fused
manyw ritefirnsd:i ntgh astc ienhcaedb eefnr efedr otmh fee ttoefar s
dogmatilco gaincd e pistemotlhoetrgyyi etdo ti ei td owna gaitnh,i s
timew itshoc iologircoaple Tsh.a ttr endl astweedl iln ttoh ee arly
seventiBeysc .o ntratshte raer neo wh istorainadsn osc iolowgihsot s
concentroantp ea rticulaanrda sl logwe neralointiletyso t hee xtent
thatth eayr seu pporbtyes doc iohistcoorninceaclti 'oNnast.u rsea'y,s
BrunoL atourr,ef errtion' gs cienicnet hem akingi's' the
2
consequeonf[c aes] e ttlemoefn'tc'o ntroverOsri,ae ssI w' r.otien
thefi rsetd itioonfAM : 'Creatioofan t hianngdc, r eatipolnu fsu ll
understanodfai c nogrr iedeaao f t het hinagr,ve ery often partosfo ne
antdh sea mien divipsriobcalesneds c annobte s eparawtietdh out
3
bringtihnpegr ocestsoa s top.'
Examploefts h nee wa pproaacrhAe n drePwi ckerCionngs,t ruaing
Qyarks,P eteGra lisHono,wE xperimsenE tndM,ar tinR udwicTkh, e
GreDaevto niCaonnt roveyrs,Ar thurF ineT,h eS haky Gaanmde
othe4r Tsh.e rea res tudioefst hev ariotruasd itio(nrse ligious,
styliRsatitrco,n ageet,ct .h)a itn fluesncciede ntiasntdss h apetdh eir
5
researtchhe;syh owt hen eedf ora famro rec omplaecxc ouonft
scientikfinco wledtgheat nh awth ichha de mergefdr ompo sitivism
ands imiplhairl osopOhni aem so.r eg enerlaelvw eelh avteh eo lder
worokf M ichaPlo lanaynidt hePnu tnamv,a nF raassCeanr,t wright,
6
MarcelPleor aand,y esl,m reL akatowsh,o wass ufficiently
optimisttiobc e litehvaeht i sthoeryr seall fa-dhyet oovke rys eriously
-offeresdi mprluel oefst heoeryv aluation.
Ins ocioltohgaeyt tentitoodn e tahialsl etdo a s ituawtihoenr teh e
probliesnm o l ongwehrya ndh ow' sciecnhcaen'g beusth o wi kte eps
togethPehril.o sopphheirlso,s opohfbeirosl oegsyp ecisaulslpye,c ted
fors ometi met hatth eriesn oto nee ntit'ys cienwciet'ch l early
definepdr incibpultte hsa stc ienccoen taaigr nesa tv arioeft( yh igh­
levtehle oretipchaeln,o menoloegixcpaelr,i meanptparlo)a cahneds
thaetv ena particular ssuccihae snp chey siicsbs u ta scattered
collecotifos nu bje(cetlsa stihcyidtryo,d ynarmhiecosl,o tghye,r mo­
dynamicest,c .e,t c.e)a cho nec ontaincionngtr aryt endencies
(exampPlrea:n dvtsHl e lmholKtezl,v iLna,m bR,a yleiTgrhu;e sdell
2.S cimicAnea ion, Mil1t89o7np, p K4.e ay9nn8def s.,
3.L ondo1n79,5 p,. 2 6r,e peaotnpe .d1 7o ft hper eseednitti -oonr iginal
emphasis.
4.A lClh icago University Press.
5.A ne xamipMsla er io BGialileoa gCiooulrtifi,rto erh,c oming.
6.S cimacndR eh etfortorihcc,o ming.
PREFAEC TOT HE THIREDD IITON XI
vsP randBtilr;k hvos'ff p hysciocmamlo nsenKsien's;m ainl lustrating
altlr esn di-nh ydrodYQamiFcosrs) o.m ea uthotrhsii ssn oto nlay
facitti; sa lsdoe sira7Hb elree.a gaiIcn o ntribuitnea ds ,m alwla yi,n
Chapte3r,4s a nd1 1of AM ,8 ins ectio6no fm y contributtioo n
Lakataonsd M usgravCe'ritsi cainsmdt hGer owotfKh n olwegde
9
(criticoifts hmeu niformofip tayr adiignmK su hn)anda lreaidny
1692,in m yc ontributtioot nh De elawSatdruiefoe rst hPehi lopohsoyf
Scicene1.0
Unitfyu rthdeirs appwehaernsw ep aya ttenntiootno nltyob reaks
ont hte heoreltiecvaebllu ,tt oe xperimenets paencdi,ta olm loyd,e m
laborastcoirye nAcseI .a nH ackihnags s howinn h ips athbrega kin
essRayep ersentainnldgnerv teniy,_n11a nda se mergferso Pmi ckering's
Scienasc Per acticaen dC utlur2et ,er mssu cha s' experimaenndt '
'observaticoonv'e cro mplepxr ocessceosn tainmianngys trands.
'Facctosm'e f romn egotiatiboentsw edeinff erepnatr tieasn dt he
finparlo du-ctth e publriesphoe-rdti si nfluenbcyep dh ysical
eventdsa,t aprocecsosmoprrso,m iesxehsa,u stiloanc,ok f m oney,
nationparli daen ds oo n.S omem icrostuodfli aebso rastcoirye nce
resembtlhee' NeJwo urnaliosfJm i'm mByr eslGiuny,T alesTeo,m
Wolfaen do therress;e arcnhole ornsg seirbt a cakn dr eatdh pea pers
ina c ertfaiientl hde;ay r neo ct ontewnitts hi levnits tiotl sa boratories
eith-etrhewya lrki gihnte, n gasgcei entiisnct osn versaantidom na ke
thinhgasp pe(nK uhann dh icso llaborsattaorrttshe epd r oceduirne
theiinrt ervfioetrwh seh i stoofryq uantumme chaniActsa )n.yr at­e
wea rael onwga yf rotmh oel (dP latoindieocaf)s cienacsae s ystoefm
statemegnrtosw iwnigt ehx perimaenndto bservatiaonnd k epitn
ordebryl astirnagti onsatla ndards.
AM iss tilpla rtplryo posiotiroine ntheodw;e veIra ,l shoa dm y
sanmeo mentMsy. d iscusosfii onnc ommensurafboierlx iatmyp,l e,
doesn ot' redutcheed ifferentcooe n eo ft heorya's P ickering
writ13eI st.i ncluadreftso rmpse,r cepti(oaln asr gpaer otfC hapter
16isa boutth trea nsitiforno Gmr eegke ometarriatcn dp oetryt ot he
classpiecrailo sdt)a,g oefsc hildde velopmaenndat s ser'ttsht ahte
viewosfs cientiasntdes s pecitahlelivyri ewosn b asimca ttearrse
ofteansd ifferfenrtoe ma coht hearsa ret hei deoloogfid eisff erent
7.J .Du pr'eT,h e DiosfuSncii',tye Mnicn9ed2,I, 89 3.
8.P reseednitti Toank.eo nv eurn amenfdoremfid r esdti tion.
9.I .L akaraonsdA .M usgra(veed Csri)t,i caisnmtd h Gero wtohfK nwole,d ge
Cambri,dI g9e65.
I.O' Hotwo abG eood E mpicriisDte'la,w Satreu ,dV ioesl.I 926,3 .
II .C ambriI9d 8ge3,.
I2 .A . Pic(keedSr.ci)in,enasg c Per aaiacneCd u ltCuhriec,aI 9g 9o2,.
13i.b ,ip d.I. 0.
Xtt PREAFCET O THE THIREDD ITION
culturIents h'ci.os1n 4n eIce tixoanm itnhepedr acatiscpaeloc ft s
logtihcwe,a yt,h iasti, nw hiicdhe aarsre e lattoee adco ht hienr
ongoriensge raartchhe irnt thfihena ins phreodd (uictfths ee rvee r
arseu cphr oduMcytd si)s.c uosfts himeoa nne yv etnhtcasot n stitute
whaitsb eionbgs ervaended1s 5p ecmiyda ilslcyu osfGs ailoinl eo's
telesdciospcioc6v a egrriweeiestt 1hh ree quireomfte hnnete sw
laborsaoctioorleyox gcyet phtaG ta lil'eloa'bso rwaatrsoa rtyh'e r
smablylc o mparTihsicosan s.se h owisn,c idetnhtalatilt klheye ,
oldpehri losoofps hciieetsnh cneee wm icrosoicsin ooalt o gy
univaecrcsaobluu natdt e scroifpp rtioomni ansepneotcfa t ss pecial
periIodtdo .en som ta ttAeu rn.i vedressaclro ifps ticoinea ntac ney
ractaean mt o sotff ealr i osfet v enItwtsa .ds1i 7f fienar netinqtu ity.
Iitsc l etahrta htne e ws ituraetiqounai n reewps h iloasnodp,h y
aboavlenl e,wt erYmesst.o moeft hfeo remroesseta ricnth heer s
araerase ti alslk tihnegm swehlevteahps ea rr ticpuileoacrfree search
produac 'edsi scoovrae nri yn'v,e ntioortn ow' h,a etx tean t
(temporreasriuys'l) ot b jeTchtievp er'o.b alreomis nqe u antum
mechaniitic sas l;sa op roblfeocmrl asssciiceaSnlhc aewl.el
contiunsuieon ugtm odteedr tmods e scnroivbieenl s iogrwh otui ltd
nobteb etttose trau rsti nnge lwaa nguAangdwe o?u lpdone'attns d
journableoi fgs rtesha etli pnfi ndisnugca lh a nguage?
Secontdhnleey sw,i tuaagtiaorinan i tsheqesu esotif'o snc ience'
vsd emocrFaocmrye t. h wiasts h meo sitm porqtuaenstti' oMny.
mairne asfoownrr ititnhbgeo oIks 'a,iy nt hIen trodutcotti hoen
ChinEedsieti 1o8'n w,ah su manitnaoirtni taenl,lI we acnttuteaodl .
supppoerotpn loteto," advaknncoew leNdogwei s.fc" 'i einnsco e
lonagu enrii dtfi, f fpearreotifnpsttr ocienre add idciafflelwryae ynst
anidcf o nnecbtieotnwtseh eenws aeya srti ee tdop articruelsaera rch
episotdheessnc, i epnrtiofijche acvtteobs e t akiennd iviTdhuiasl ly.
iwsh agto vernmaegnetns ctiaerdsto eisdno gmti em ea gIon.t hlea te
six'titehised eoafa c omprehsecniseipnvocele wi acgsyr adually
abandoIntwe adsr. e altihzasetcd i ewnacsneo otn eb umta ny
enterparnitdsh etasht e croeub lend os inpgollefi octryhs eu ppoofr t
alolft he1m9G. o vernmeangte nncoli oensfig nearn 'csec ietnhceey' ,
finanpcaer ticpurloajreB cuttths e.tn h weo r'ds ciecnatinnfio c '
longer 'euxncslcuipdereno tijfi-ewcce'ht asvt eol ooamkta tters in
1.4AM , firsetd itipo.2n 7,4 .
I5 .i bipdp.I.4, 9 ffR.e priinntt hepedr esent edition.
I6 .C hapt8te orsI o0ft hper eseednitti on.
I 7. Ccfo.n tribmuytti oot nhI e99 2E rasmSuysm posi'uHams,t hSec ientific
Vieowf Wtohrela Sd pe ciSatla Ctoumsp aWrietdOh t hVeire wfsrto?h'c,o ming.
I8 .C ontaiinn eptdrh ees eednitti on.
1.9J .Be n-vDiaSdci,en tGifirocw tBhe,r ke1l99eIy.,,5 p 25.
PREFACTEO T HET HIREDD ITION Xttt
detaAirlet. h nee wp hilosaonpdhs eorcsi olporgeipsattrose d
constihdcieosrn seqoufte hnercieers earch?
Therhea vbee emna noyt hcehra ngMeesd.ir ceasle aracnhde rs
tecohlnoghiasvnteos ot n liyn venusteefdu l in(sstuarcsuh m ents
thoesmep lotyihpnerg i ncoiffip blroeeps tiw chsi icnmh a ncyo ntexts
repltahmceoe r dea ngemreotuhsoo fXd -sr daiya gnboushtta ivce)
becommoero ep etno wanred(wso o rl diedre)Oa nslt.yw eynetayr s
agtoh ied etah atthm ei nadff ecpthsy swieclall- btehionugg,h
suppobryte exdp eriweansrc aet,hu enrp op-ultaordi atyi s
mainstMraelapmr.as cutiihctaesvm ea dpeh ysimcoiracena sr eful,
sometitmoecosa reffoturhgl eo oodft hepiarti ebnuttth, he ayv ael so
forctehdet mo c onsaulltte rnoaptiivnei (oInSnsw .i tzear land
bellipgleurreoanfvlt ii etiwyass l mpoasortfct u l-taunrIdeu seidt
wheanr ranpguibcnlogin cf ronbteattiwhoeanersnd hesacdieedn tists
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