Pathology: PreTest Self-Assessment and Review (Pretest Series)

609 Pages·2007·3.6 MB·English

by  Earl J. Brown

Pathology
PreTestTM Self-Assessment and Review
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Pathology
PreTestTM Self-Assessment and Review
Twelfth Edition
Earl J.Brown,MD
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology
Quillen College of Medicine
Johnson City, Tennessee
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DOI: 10.1036/0071471820
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Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
High-Yield Facts
High-Yield Facts in Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General Pathology
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Cardiovascular System
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Hematology
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Respiratory System
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Head and Neck
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Gastrointestinal System
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
v
vi Contents
Urinary System
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Reproductive Systems
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Endocrine System
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Skin
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Musculoskeletal System
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Nervous System
Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Student Reviewers
Amy S.Arrington,PhD
Baylor College of Medicine
Class of 2007
Silke Heinisch
Temple University School of Medicine
Class of 2010
Farrant Sakaguchi
University of Utah
Class of 2008
Dedication
To Steve and Luke, who showed me that the race is not always won by
the young and swift, but sometimes by those who persevere and keep on
running, and to Karen, who reminded me that running fast is so much
better than running slowly.
vii
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viii Pathology
Laboratory Values
Substance Source Normal
Albumin Serum 3.2–4.5 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase Serum 20–130 IU/L
Bicarbonate Plasma 21–28 mM
Bilirubin, direct (conjugated) Serum <0.3 mg/dL
Bilirubin, indirect (unconjugated) Serum 0.1–1.0 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total Serum 0.1–1.2 mg/dL
BUN Serum 8–23 mg/dL
Calcium Serum 9.2–11.0 mg/dL
(4.6–5.5 meq/L)
Chloride Serum 95–103 meq/L
Cholesterol Serum 150–250 mg/dL
Creatinine Serum 0.6–1.2 mg/dL
GGT (γ-glutamyltransferase) Serum 5–40 IU/L
Glucose (fasting) Serum 70–110 mg/dL
Insulin Plasma 4–24 µIU/mL
Iron Serum 60–150 µg/dL
Iron saturation Serum 20–55%
Osmolality Serum 280–295 mosm/L
Phosphorus Serum 2.3–4.7 mg/dL
Potassium Plasma 3.8–5.0 meq/L
Protein Serum 6.0–7.8 g/dL
Sodium Plasma 136–142 meq/L
T resin uptake Serum 25–38 relative % uptake
3
Thyrotropin (TSH) Serum 0.5–5 µIU/mL
Thyroxine, free (FT) Serum 0.9–2.3 ng/dL
4
Thyroxine, total (T4) Serum 5.5–12.5 µg/dL
Triiodothyronine (T) Serum 80–200 mg/dL
3
Hematology
Platelet count 150,000–450,000/µL
White cell count 4,440–11,000/µL
Lymphocyte count 1,000–4,800/µL
(about 34%)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80–96 µm3
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 27.5–33.2 pg
(MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 33.4–35.5%
concentration (MCHC)
Hemoglobin Whole blood Female 12–16 g/dL
Male 13.5–18 g/dL
Preface
The study of pathology, a science so basic to clinical medicine, has been
abbreviated sadly in many medical schools in recent years, and that too at
a time when explosive growth is occurring in the science. Recent advances
in immunopathology, diagnosis of bacterial and viral diseases including
AIDS, and detection of infectious agents such as papillomavirus in cervical
dysplasia are proceeding at a tremendous rate. The eleventh edition of
Pathology: PreTestTM Self-Assessment and Review includes such new subject
areas as predictive values in the interpretation of laboratory data, the
importance of cytokines, the molecular basis of genetic and other disease
processes, and molecular biology techniques as these apply to lymphopro-
liferative disorders and other tumors.
The medical student must feel submerged at times in the flood of
information—occasionally instructors may have similar feelings. This edi-
tion is not intended to cover all new knowledge in addition to including
older anatomic and clinical pathology. It is, rather, a serious attempt to
present important facts about many disease processes in the hope that the
student will read much further in major textbooks and journals and will
receive some assistance in passing medical school, licensure, or board
examinations.
ix
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