Pathogens Of Wild And Farmed Fish: Sea Lice (Ellis Horwood Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries Support)

393 Pages·1993·17.93 MB·English

by  Geoffrey A. Boxshall

PATHOGENS OF WILD AND FARMED FISH
Sea Lice
ELLIS HORWOOD BOOKS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SUPPORT
Series Editor: DR L.M.LAIRD, University of Aberdeen
Austin & Austin BACTERIAL FISH PATHOGENS: Disease in Farmed and Wild
Fish: Second Edition
Austin & Austin METHODS FOR THE MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF
FISH AND SHELLFISH
Barnabé AQUACULTURE: Volume 1
Barnabé AQUACULTURE: Volume 2
Boxshall and Defaye PATHOGENS OF WILD AND FARMED FISH: Sea Lice
Laird & Needham SALMON AND TROUT FARMING: Second Edition
Steffens PRINCIPLES OF FISH NUTRITION
PATHOGENS OF WILD AND
FARMED FISH
Sea Lice
Edited by
G.A.BOXSHALL
Senior Scientific Officer
The Natural History Museum, London
and
D.DEFAYE
Maître de Conferences des Universités
Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris
Programme AIR, DGXIV
Commission of the European Communities
ELLIS HORWOOD
NEW YORK LONDON TORONTO SYDNEY TOKYO SINGAPORE
First published 1993 by
Ellis Horwood Limited
Market Cross House, Cooper Street
Chichester
West Sussex, PO19 1EB
A division of
Simon & Schuster International Group
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© Ellis Horwood Limited 1993
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
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otherwise, without prior permission, in writing, from the publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Available from the publisher
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-203-01132-5 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-19133-1 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-13-015504-7 (hbk)
Table of contents
Preface ix
List of contributors xi
PART I BIOLOGY OF SEA LICE
Part Ia Life cycle stages
1. Life history of Caligus epidemicus Hewitt parasitic on tilapia (Oreochromis 5
mossambicus) cultured in brackish water
Ching-Long Lin and Ju-shey Ho
2. Developmental stages of Caligus punctatus Shiino, 1955 (Copepoda: 16
Caligidae)
Il-Hoi Kim
3. Supplementary descriptions of the developmental stages of Lepeoph- 30
theirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) (Copepoda: Caligidae)
T.A.Schram
Part Ib Developmental factors
4. The development of Caligus elongatus Nordmann from hatching to 51
copepodid in relation to temperature
A.W.Pike, A.J.Mordue and G.Ritchie
5. Comparative life history of two species of sea lice 61
T.De Meeüs, A.Raibaut and F.Renaud
6. A comparison of development and growth rates of Lepeophtheirus 68
salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on naive Atlantic (Salmo salar) and
chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon
S.C.Johnson
vi Table of contents
Part Ic Anatomy
7. Antennulary sensors of the infective copepodid larva of the salmon louse, 83
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae)
K.A.Gresty, G.A.Boxshall and K.Nagasawa
8. Ultrastructure of the frontal filament in chalimus larvae of Caligus 99
elongatus and Lepeophtheirus salmonis from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
A.W.Pike, K.Mackenzie and A.Rowand
9. Sensory innervation of the antennule of the preadult male Caligus 114
elongatus
M.S.Laverack and M.Q.Hull
Part Id Behaviour
10. Aspects of the behaviour of copepodid larvae of the salmon louse 125
epeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)
J.E.Bron, C.Sommerville and G.H.Rae
11. Speciation and specificity in parasitic copepods: caligids of the genus 143
Lepeophtheirus, parasites of flatfish in the Mediterranean
T.De Meeüs, A.Raibaut and F.Renaud
Part Ie Epidemiology
12. The reproductive output of Lepeophtheirus salmonis adult females in 153
relation to seasonal variability of temperature and photoperiod
G.Ritchie, A.J.Mordue, A.W.Pike and G.H.Rae
13. The abundance and distribution of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: 166
Caligidae) on six species of Pacific salmon in offshore waters of the
North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea
K.Nagasawa, Y.Ishida, M.Ogura, K.Tadokoro and K.Hiramatsu
14. Salmon lice on wild salmon (Salmo salar L.) in western Norway 179
B.Berland
15. Sea lice infestation of farmed salmon in Ireland 188
D.Jackson and D.Minchin
16. Parameters and possible causes of epizootics of Lepeophtheirus salmonis 202
(Krøyer) infesting sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) off the west coast of Ireland
O.Tully, W.R.Poole, K.F.Whelan and S.Merigoux
PART II CONTROL OF SEA LICE
vi
Table of contents vii
PART II CONTROL OF SEA LICE
Part IIa Review
17. Review of methods to control sea lice (Caligidae: Crustacea) infestations 219
on salmon (Salmo salar) farms
M.J.Costello
Part IIb Fallowing
18. The effects of fallowing on caligid infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon 255
(Salmo salar L.) in Scotland
A.N.Grant and J.W.Treasurer
Part IIc Chemotherapy
19. Influence of treatment with dichlorvos on the epidemiology of Lepeoph- 263
theirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832
on Scottish salmon farms
J.E.Bron, C.Sommerville, R.Wootten and G.H.Rae
20. Preliminary studies on the efficacy of two pyrethroid compounds, 275
resmethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, for the treatment of sea lice
(Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
M.Roth, R.H.Richards and C.Sommerville
21. Hydrogen peroxide as a delousing agent for Atlantic salmon 290
J.M.Thomassen
22. The efficiency of oral ivermectin in the control of sea lice infestations of 296
farmed Atlantic salmon
P.R.Smith, M.Moloney, A.McElligott, S.Clarke, R.Palmer, J.O’Kelly
and F.O’Brien
Part IId Vaccination
23. The extraction and analysis of potential candidate vaccine antigens from 311
the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)
P.G.Jenkins, T.H.Grayson, J.V.Hone, A.B.Wrathmell, M.L.Gilpin,
J.E.Harris and C.B.Munn
24. Immunohistochemical screening and selection of monoclonal antibodies 323
to salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)
O.Andrade-Salas, C.Sommerville, R.Wootten, T.Turnbull, W.Melvin,
T.Amezaga and M.Labus
vii
viii Table of contents
Part IIe Biological control
25. Management of sea lice (Caligidae) with wrasse (Labridae) on Atlantic 335
salmon (Salmo salar L.) farms
J.W.Treasurer
26. Udonella caligorum Johnston, 1835 (Platyhelminthes: Udonellidae) associ- 346
ated with caligid copepods on farmed salmon
D.Minchin and D.Jackson
27. Incidence of ciliate epibionts on Lepeophtheirus salmonis from salmon in 356
Japan and Scotland: a scanning electron microscopic study
K.A.Gresty and A.Warren

Part IIf Pathology
28. The possible role of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) in the transmission 367
of infectious salmon anaemia
A.Nylund, C.Wallace and T.Hovland
Index 374
viii
Preface
Sea lice are a serious problem for commercial salmon farming in the Northern
Hemisphere and for the smaller-scale coastal fish farms around the Mediterranean
Sea and in South-East Asia. Sea lice are parasitic copepods which typically infest the
external surfaces of marine and brackish-water fish. The family Caligidae, to which
the sea lice belong, comprises over 400 species but only a handful of these species
have been reported as pests in fish-farming facilities. Although common on wild fish,
sea lice rarely occur in epizootic proportions in nature. On farms, however, they may
account for losses in excess of 10% of total production.
Since the rapid growth of the salmon-farming industry during the 1970s, there has
been considerable interest in the development of methods for the control of sea lice.
Initially research was concentrated on chemotherapeutic methods of control but in the
last decade research activity has also been directed towards providing basic information
on the biology of caligid sea lice as well as towards the development of novel methods
for their control. The international nature of the sea lice problem led to the establishment
of numerous independent research programmes worldwide and it became apparent
that the time was right for an international workshop, focused on the biology and
control of sea lice, that would provide a medium for the exchange of the latest results
and ideas between research groups.
The workshop was organized by G.A.Boxshall (London) and A.Raibaut (Montpellier)
and was held in Paris on the 3 and 4 September 1992 during the First European
Crustacean Conference. It was attended by over 80 researchers and fish health experts
interested in caligid sea lice or their relatives within the Crustacea. This volume
comprises the majority of the oral and poster papers on sea lice presented during the
workshop, plus additional contributions from some researchers who were unable to
come to Paris.
We are grateful to the main organizing committee of the host conference in Paris
for their work and wholehearted support of the sea lice workshop. We would like to
thank the following organizations for their generous support of the host conference:
the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. the