Pathobiology of Parasitic Protozoa: Dynamics and Dimensions

230 Pages·2023·5.92 MB·English

by  Budhaditya Mukherjee, Arijit Bhattacharya, Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay, Bruno Guedes Alcoforado Aguiar

Budhaditya Mukherjee
Arijit Bhattacharya
Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
Bruno Guedes Alcoforado Aguiar   Editors
Pathobiology
of Parasitic
Protozoa:
Dynamics and
Dimensions
Pathobiology of Parasitic Protozoa:
Dynamics and Dimensions
(cid:129)
Budhaditya Mukherjee
(cid:129)
Arijit Bhattacharya
(cid:129)
Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
Bruno Guedes Alcoforado Aguiar
Editors
Pathobiology of Parasitic
Protozoa: Dynamics
and Dimensions
Editors
BudhadityaMukherjee ArijitBhattacharya
SchoolofMedicalScienceand DepartmentofMicrobiology
Technology AdamasUniversity
IndianInstituteofTechnology Jagannathpur,WestBengal,India
Kharagpur,WestBengal,India
RupkathaMukhopadhyay BrunoGuedesAlcoforadoAguiar
JohnsHopkinsUniversity FederalUniversityofPiauí
Baltimore,Maryland,USA Piauí,Brazil
ISBN978-981-19-8224-8 ISBN978-981-19-8225-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8225-5
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Contents
Nanotechnology-BasedPromisingTherapeuticApproachesAgainst
Protozoan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AlokRaghav,SuraiyaKhanamAnsari,AmreshKumarSingh,
PrashantTripathi,SaurabhAgarwal,RichaGiri,SyedGhazanfarAli,
andHarisM.Khan
IntertwiningofRetinoicAcidandCholesterolPathwayandits
ConsequencesinLeishmaniadonovani-InfectedMacrophages. . . . . . . . 19
SatyaPrakashandAmbakKumarRai
RoleandPathophysiologyofProtozoanParasitesCausingLiver
Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
AmreshKumarSingh,SuraiyaKhanamAnsari,AlokRaghav,
andVivekGaur
CognitiveImpairmentinParasiticProtozoanInfection. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NeloyKumarChakroborty,SabyasachiBaksi,andArijitBhattacharya
CyclingWithinaCell:CellCycleofIntracellularKinetoplastid
Parasites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
AninditaBhattacharjeeandArunimaBiswas
ElaboratingtheRoleofAspartylProteaseinHostModulation
andInvasioninApicomplexanParasitesPlasmodiumandToxoplasma. . . 109
ShatarupaBhattacharya,ShaziaParveen,andBudhadityaMukherjee
Leishmaniasis:TissueTropisminRelationtotheSpeciesDiversity. . . . 133
SanhitaGhosh,SupriyaNath,KamalikaRoy,SumanKarmakar,
andChiranjibPal
TranscriptionalControlinEntamoeba:SomethingOld,Something
New. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
ShreyaseeHazraandDipakManna
vv
vi Contents
APerspectiveonMathematicalModelingandMachineLearning
ModelstoPredictVisceralLeishmaniasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
DebnarayanKhatua,DebashreeGuha,AnupamDe,
andBudhadityaMukherjee
ElucidatingtheRoleofmiRNAinInflammasome-Mediated
ImmuneResponseinLeishmaniasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
RiaBhar,KuntalPal,SrijanHaldar,andJoydeepPaul
AnInsightintoImmunopathologyofLeishmaniasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
YogeshChauhan,RajkumariNikita,PriyankaMadaan,andManjuJain
About the Editors
BudhadityaMukherjee isanAssistantProfessorattheSchoolofMedicalScience
and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, India. His research interests primarily articulate
around immunological and cellular aspects of host–pathogen interactions for intra-
cellular protozoan pathogens that enable them to survive within the hostile host
environment.Hehasbeenservingasareviewerinanumberofreputedinternational
journalslikePLOSNeglectedTropicalDiseases,MolecularMicrobiology,Frontiers
inImmunologytonameafewandisaneditorialboardmemberofseveraljournals,
including Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. He has been conferred
withvariousprestigiousinternationalandnationalawardsnotablytheEMBOPost-
Doctoral Fellowship, Pfizer Research Award in the area of infectious diseases,
rheumatology,andimmunology,INSAMedalforYoungScientist.Heisamember
ofmanyAmericanSocietyofMicrobiology.Hehasmorethan11yearsofresearch
and teaching experience in Infection biology, Immunology, Cell and molecular
biology.
ArijitBhattacharya isAssociateProfessorandHeadoftheDepartmentofDept.of
Microbiology,AdamasUniversity,India.HehasearlierservedasAssistantProfes-
sorinPresidencyCollege(Kolkata,India)andTripuraCentralUniversity,India.His
researchinterestsareinmolecularparasitology,anti-microbialresistomics,anddrug
designingexploitingevolutionaryapproaches.Hehasservedasarefereeforseveral
international journals, including PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, iScience,
Frontiers in Pharmacology, Infection, Genetics, Evolution, Parasites and Vectors,
PLOSone,andAccessMicrobiology(MicrobiologySociety,UK). Heisamember
of many international scientific societies and organizations, notably the American
Society of Microbiology, Genetics Society of America, and Society for Biological
Chemists(India).
Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay is an Associate Researcher at the Department of
Hematologic Malignancies, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Maryland, USA.
Her research interests primarily encompass identifying predictive markers on the
immunologic cells that are mainly responsible for disease prognosis. She has been
serving as a reviewer for several reputed international journals like Journal of
Clinical Investigation, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, PLOS One, BMC
vviiii
viii AbouttheEditors
Cancer,BMCResearchNotes,FrontiersinCellularandInfectionMicrobiology,and
Cancer Cell International. Dr. Rupkatha has been conferred with the prestigious
ASHBMTNewInvestigatorawardintheareaofhematologicmalignancy.
Bruno Guedes Alcoforado Aguiar is an Assistant Professor at the Depart-
ment of Community Medicine, Federal University of Piauí, Brazil. His research
interests are in molecular parasitology, regulation of gene expression, microbial
pathogenesis, and genomics. He has served as a referee for international journals
andhavepublishedresearcharticles atpeer-reviewedinternationaljournalsinclud-
ing Cell Microbiology, Scientific Reports, and Cell Death and Disease. He is a
scientificboardmemberattheResearchCenterforEmergingandNeglectedTropi-
calDiseases,Piauí,Brazil.
Nanotechnology-Based Promising
Therapeutic Approaches Against Protozoan
Alok Raghav, Suraiya Khanam Ansari, Amresh Kumar Singh,
Prashant Tripathi, Saurabh Agarwal, Richa Giri, Syed Ghazanfar Ali,
and Haris M. Khan
Abstract
Protozoan-bornediseasesaremajordriversofglobalmorbiditiesandmortalities,
especially in developing countries. These diseases pose a unique challenge to
effective treatment strategies, thereby contributing to significant death. Current
treatment approaches have low efficacy, high toxicity and side effects of thera-
peutic doses and therefore generate a need for alternative new treatment
✉
A.Raghav( )
MultidisciplinaryResearchUnit,GSVMMedicalCollege,Kanpur,UP,India
DepartmentofAnatomyandCellBiology,CollegeofMedicine,GachonUniversity,Incheon,
SouthKorea
S.K.Ansari
DepartmentofMicrobiology,GSVMMedicalCollege,Kanpur,UP,India
A.K.Singh
DepartmentofMicrobiology,BRDMedicalCollege,Gorakhpur,UP,India
P.Tripathi
DepartmentofBiochemistry,GSVMMedicalCollege,Kanpur,UP,India
S.Agarwal·R.Giri
KPSInstituteofMedicine,GSVMMedicalCollege,Kanpur,UP,India
S.G.Ali
ViralResearchDiagnosticLaboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology,JawaharlalNehruMedical
CollegeA.M.U,Aligarh,UP,India
DepartmentofMicrobiology,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India
H.M.Khan
ViralResearchDiagnosticLaboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology,JawaharlalNehruMedical
CollegeA.M.U,Aligarh,UP,India
DepartmentofMicrobiology,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India
#TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePte 1
Ltd.2023
B.Mukherjeeetal.(eds.),PathobiologyofParasiticProtozoa:Dynamics
andDimensions,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8225-5_1
2 A.Raghavetal.
approaches.Nanotechnology-baseddrugdeliverysystemshaveevolvedasanew
andpromisingapproachtotherapyandpreventionofprotozoan-associatedinfec-
tiousdiseases.Theformulationofnewdrugsanddrugs’carriersusingnano-sized
particles including exosomes, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers
and nano-vaccines promises to overcome the limitations of low bioavailability,
low toxicity, sub-therapeutic drug accumulation in microbial sanctuaries and
reservoirsandlowpatientadherenceduetodrug-relatedtoxicitiesandextended
therapeutic regimens. Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches offer an
importantweaponinthefightagainstinfectiousprotozoandiseases.
Keywords
Nanoparticles·Therapeutics·Protozoandisease·Nanopharmaceuticals·
Exosomes·Liposomes·Nano-vaccines
1 Introduction
Protozoan parasites are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes affecting animals
andhumansworldwide.Ithasbeenseenthatoveronebillionpeopleareinfectedby
theprotozoanparasitesaroundtheglobe.Themostprevalentprotozoandiseasesin
humansincludeAfricantrypanosomiasis,Chagasdisease,leishmaniasis,cryptospo-
ridiosisandgiardiasis,whichpossesshealthburdens,especiallyinunderdeveloped
anddevelopingcountriesoftropical andsubtropicalorigin.Itisknownthatdevel-
oping countries showed a significant presence of Trypanosoma and Toxoplasma
protozoansthatcontributetomortality,morbidityandeconomicburden[1–3].Pro-
tozoanpresentsavesiculardiffusenucleuswithscatteredchromatin.Theprotozoan
vesicular nucleus consists of a central body, referred to as the endosome or karyo-
some. Amebas and trypanosomes are species that are devoid of such endosomes
having nucleic material. However, Apicomplexa contains more than one nucleoli
having DNA, while ciliates have micro- and macronucleus both with the homoge-
neousorganization.Protozoanorganellesperformthesamefunctionastheorgansof
higher animals, and their plasma membrane (PM) helps to perform locomotion
functions through pseudopodia, flagella and cilia. In some protozoans including
trypanosomesandGiardia,pellicleplaysanimportantroleinprovidingrigidityand
shape.
Protozoan-borne infections were among the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality around the world with a significant number of 58 million diarrhoeal
cases diagnosed annually [4, 5]. Underreporting of actual protozoan infection
cases contributes to misleading information about the actual burden of such cases
[6, 7]. Moreover, intestinal protozoan causes a serious threat to human health that
maycontributetodiarrhoea,irondeficiency,malnutrition,impairedcognitivefunc-
tionandothermentalhealthproblems[8].Someofthecommonintestinalprotozoa
showed transmission through the faecal-oral route from the infected person or
animals, or it may also be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and